Countries of Western and Central Europe lesson. "Countries of Western and Central Europe". Southern European countries

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Countries of Western and Central Europe. Completed by a student of grade 8 B of MBOU gymnasium No. 12 in Lipetsk Shlapak Sofya

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Plan France after the defeat German Empire Austria-Hungary Flag of Austria-Hungary Flag of the German Empire Flag of France

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France after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War: The pace of economic development has slowed down, and France moves from second place in world industrial production to fourth, behind England, the USA and Germany. Payment of a huge indemnity to Germany (1873). Lack of own raw materials and coal, machinery and equipment. Imports of goods exceeded exports. A large number of small handicraft-type enterprises have survived, where the new technology was not used. Backward agriculture, low purchasing power of the peasants. In terms of wheat yield, France was one of the last places in Europe. The peasantry made up 70% of the country's population, and France at the end of the 19th century. was still an agrarian-industrial power. Franco-Prussian War - 1870-1871 Civil War ("Paris Commune") – March–May 1871 Economic crisis

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By the end of the XIX century. - the economic rise of France Created large corporations - monopolies (metallurgical concern Schneider-Creusot). Large banking monopolies arose. Formation of a financial oligarchy. Increased export of capital. French bankers exported capital mainly in the form of government loans (they gave loans to the governments of various countries at interest). In terms of the export of capital, France ranked first in the world. Schneider-Creusot ironworks in France. Tank created by the Schneider-Creusot factory

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1875 - the adoption of a constitution that established a republic in France (Third Republic in France). The President was elected at a joint meeting of both chambers for a period of 7 years Government (Cabinet of Ministers) Parliament (National Assembly) The Chamber of Deputies - the lower house - was elected for 4 years by men who have reached 21 years of age (except for the military and residents of the colonies). The Senate - the upper house - was elected by citizens at least 40 years old for a period of 9 years through multi-stage elections Executive power Legislative power A feature of the political life of France was a multi-party system.

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1880-1890s - the era of democratic reforms in 1879 - the Marseillaise again became the anthem of the republic. 1880 - July 14 was declared a national holiday (the beginning of the French Revolution). A law on freedom of the press and assembly was adopted. 1884 - a law was passed allowing the free activity of trade unions and strikes, and municipal councils received the right to elect their mayor (previously an official from the center was sent to this position). 1880s - the school was separated from the church, education became secular and state training programs ("school laws") were introduced. Rouget de Lisle - author of the anthem, first performs the Marseillaise in 1792.

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One of the negative features of the political life of France was the bribery and carelessness of many government officials and politicians: A loud scandal erupted in connection with the activities of a joint-stock company formed for the construction of the Panama Canal. A shameful page in the history of France: the Dreyfus affair.

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Labor and socialist movement at the end of the 19th century. 1880 - formation of the Workers' Party of France: the program was created on the basis of the teachings of Karl Marx, called for a revolutionary transformation of society. 2. 1890s - French workers: held demonstrations demanding the introduction of an 8-hour working day, achieved the election of their representatives to parliament - J. Guesde, P. Lafargue and J. Jaurès. 1905 - the creation of the United Labor Party, led by an outstanding figure in the socialist movement, scientist, philosopher, historian, journalist, republican and democrat Jean Jaures (1859-1914). 4. 1890s - anarchist attacks. Jean Jaurès (1859-1914).

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1871 Proclamation of the German Empire Emperor of the German Empire (Kaiser) Wilhelm I Hohenzollern (1871-1888) Coat of arms of the German Empire Reichstag

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In the spring of 1871, the first Reichstag adopted a constitution Emperor (Kaiser) Chancellor Imperial Court Government Electors Bundestag Federal Council Reichstag

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1869 - The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel) is formed. 1863 - The General German Workers' Union (Ferdinand Lassalle) was created. The social democratic and labor movement of Germany in 1875 - a unification congress in Gotha - the creation of a single workers' party (SPD) - the "Gotha Program" of the German Social Democrats was adopted: Destruction of private ownership of the means of production. The creation of a socialist society by peaceful means, through the organization of production workers' associations. 1877 - in the elections to the Reichstag, the Social Democrats received 12 deputy seats.

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The Social Democratic and Labor Movement of Germany Centrists K. Kautsky and others - took a neutral position Three main currents in the leadership of the SPD by the beginning of the 20th century Right (or revisionists) - E. Bershtein and others - considered the transition to socialism through reforms possible Left K Liebknecht, R. Luxembourg - Supported the establishment of socialism in a revolutionary way

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The internal policy of the government of O. Bismarck Introduction of a single monetary system (gold mark). The Prussian bank was transformed into the Reichsbank (Reichsbank). Creation of a single state property through the nationalization of railways, mail, telegraph. Introduction of a monopoly on tobacco and alcohol. Protectionism policy (encouragement of national production). State intervention in economic life. Creation of a national judicial system, adoption of civil and criminal codes uniform for the whole country.

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SOCIAL REFORM POLICY ● Sickness insurance for workers (1883) ● Work injury insurance (1884) ● Old-age pension for workers from the age of 70 (1889) Germany was the first country to adopt a comprehensive social legislation. The legislation led to the strengthening of the authority and importance of the state in the eyes of the Germans. "The state serves all strata of society" O. Bismarck Austria-Hungary - a constitutional monarchy without universal suffrage Franz Joseph - Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary But Austria and Hungary each had their own: constitution, parliament, government Austria and Hungary have a common: flag, army, three ministries: military, finance and foreign affairs . financial system. There were no customs borders between Austria and Hungary

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1868 - Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia raised the issue of secession from Austria Austria agreed to democratic reforms: They lowered the property qualification, which gave the right to participate in elections, as a result, wide sections of small owners of the city and village, part of the workers received the right to vote. The Czechs led their representatives to the Austrian Parliament. In areas where there was a mixed population, two languages were introduced, and the officials of the Czech Republic and Moravia were obliged to know them. In general, the position of the Czechs, who raised the question of complete separation from Austria, remained the same. Hungary also opposed their claims to independence.

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Conflicts in the country did not subside. From 1897 to 1914 - In Austria, the government changed 15 times. All governments pursued a policy of small concessions, keeping the population in a "state of moderate discontent." There was no social legislation. Suffrage was not universal: men over 24, literate, property qualification. Austria-Hungary became a federation, but its borders did not coincide with national borders

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Plan

France after defeat
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Flag of Austria-Hungary
Flag of the German Empire
Flag of France

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France after defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

The pace of economic development slowed down, and France moved from second place in world industrial production to fourth, behind England, the USA and Germany.
Payment of a huge indemnity to Germany (1873).
Lack of own raw materials and coal, machinery and equipment.
Imports of goods exceeded exports.
A large number of small handicraft-type enterprises have survived, where the new technology was not used.
Backward agriculture, low purchasing power of the peasants. In terms of wheat yield, France was one of the last places in Europe.
The peasantry made up 70% of the country's population, and France at the end of the 19th century. was still an agrarian-industrial power.
Franco-
Prussian
war -
1870-1871
civil
war
("Parisian
commune") -
March–May 1871
Economic
the crisis

slide 4

By the end of the XIX century. - the economic rise of FranceCreated large corporations - monopolies (metallurgical concern Schneider-Creusot).
Large banking monopolies arose.
Formation of a financial oligarchy.
Increased export of capital. French bankers exported capital mainly in the form of government loans (they gave loans to the governments of various countries at interest). In terms of the export of capital, France ranked first in the world.
metallurgical plant
Schneider-Creusot in France.
Factory built tank
Schneider-Creso

slide 5

1875 - the adoption of a constitution that established a republic in France (Third Republic in France).
The president
elected
on a joint
meeting of both
chambers for a term
for 7 years
Government (cabinet of ministers)
Parliament (National Assembly)
Chamber of Deputies -
lower house -
elected for 4 years
men
over 21 years old
(except military
and inhabitants of the colonies).
Senate -
upper house -
elected
citizens are not
under 40 years old
for a period of 9 years
through
multistage
elections
Executive branch Legislative branch
A feature of the political life of France was a multi-party system.

slide 6

Slide 7

One of the negative features of the political life of France was the bribery and carelessness of many government officials and politicians: A loud scandal erupted in connection with the activities of a joint-stock company formed for the construction of the Panama Canal.
A shameful page in the history of France: the Dreyfus affair.

Slide 8

Labor and socialist movement at the end of the 19th century

1880 - formation of the Workers' Party of France:
the program was created on the basis of the teachings of K. Marx,
called for a revolutionary transformation of society.
2. 1890s - French workers:
held demonstrations demanding the introduction of an 8-hour working day,
achieved the election of their representatives to parliament - J. Guesde, P. Lafargue and J. Jaurès.
1905 - the creation of the United Labor Party, led by an outstanding figure in the socialist movement, scientist, philosopher, historian, journalist, republican and democrat Jean Jaures (1859-1914).
4. 1890s - anarchist attacks.
Jean Jaurès (1859-1914).

Slide 9

1871 - Proclamation of the German Empire
Emperor of the German Empire (Kaiser) Wilhelm I of Hohenzollern (1871-1888)
Emblem of the German Empire
Reichstag

Slide 10

In the spring of 1871, the first Imperial Reichstag adopted a constitution
Emperor
(Kaiser)
Chancellor
Imperial
Government
Voters
Bundestag
Allied
advice
Reichstag

slide 11

1869 - The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel) is formed.
1863 - The General German Workers' Union (Ferdinand Lassalle) was created.
1875 - unification congress in Gotha - creation of a single workers' party (SPD)
- the "Gotha Program" of the German Social Democrats was adopted:
Destruction of private ownership of the means of production.
The creation of a socialist society by peaceful means, through the organization of production workers' associations.
1877 - in the elections to the Reichstag, the Social Democrats received 12 deputy seats.

slide 12

Social Democratic and Labor Movement in Germany
Centrists
K. Kautsky and others -
took a neutral stance
Three main streams
in the leadership of the SPD
by the beginning of the 20th century
Rights
(or revisionists) -
E. Bershtein and others -
considered possible
transition
to socialism through reforms
Left
K. Liebknecht, R. Luxembourg -
Speakers
for establishing
socialism
in a revolutionary way

slide 13

The internal policy of the government of O. Bismarck
Introduction of a unified monetary system (gold mark).
The Prussian bank was transformed into the Reichsbank (Reichsbank).
Creation of a single state property through the nationalization of railways, mail, telegraph.
Introduction of a monopoly on tobacco and alcohol.
Protectionism policy (encouragement of national production).
State intervention in economic life.
Creation of a national judicial system, adoption of civil and criminal codes uniform for the whole country.

Slide 14

POLICY OF SOCIAL REFORM
● Insurance of workers against sickness (1883)
● Industrial Injury Insurance (1884)
● Old-age pensions for workers from the age of 70 (1889)
Germany was the first country to adopt comprehensive social legislation. The legislation led to the strengthening of the authority and importance of the state in the eyes of the Germans.
"The state serves all strata of society" O. Bismarck

slide 15

1867 - Austro-Hungarian agreement on the transformation of the Habsburg empire into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, consisting of two states independent of each other in internal affairs - Austria and Hungary.
Defeats in wars
with France, Piedmont
and Prussia
Unrest in Hungary
The need has grown
strengthening the integrity of the state
Emperor
Austria-Hungary
Franz Joseph

slide 16

Austria-Hungary - constitutional monarchy
without universal suffrage
Franz Joseph - Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary
But Austria and Hungary each had their own:
constitution,
parliament,
government
Austria and Hungary have in common:
flag,
army,
three ministries: military, finance and foreign affairs.
financial system.
between Austria and
Hungarian was
customs borders

Slide 17

1868 - Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia raised the issue of secession from Austria
Austria agreed to democratic reforms:
They reduced the property qualification, which gave the right to participate in elections, as a result, wide sections of the small owners of the city and countryside, part of the workers received the right to vote.
The Czechs led their representatives to the Austrian Parliament.
In areas where there was a mixed population, two languages were introduced, and the officials of the Czech Republic and Moravia were obliged to know them.
In general, the position of the Czechs, who raised the question of complete separation from Austria, remained the same. Hungary also opposed their claims to independence.

Slide 18

Conflicts in the country did not subside.
From 1897 to 1914 - In Austria, the government changed 15 times.
All governments pursued a policy of small concessions, keeping the population in a "state of moderate discontent."
There was no social legislation.
Suffrage was not universal: men over 24, literate, property qualification.
Austria-Hungary became a federation, but its borders did not coincide with national borders

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Presentation on the topic: Countries of Western and Central Europe Grade 8

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Labor and socialist movement at the end of the 19th century. 1880 - the formation of the Workers' Party of France: the program was created on the basis of the teachings of Karl Marx, called for a revolutionary transformation of society. 2. 1890s - French workers: held demonstrations demanding the introduction of an 8-hour working day, achieved the election of their representatives to parliament - J. Guesde, P. Lafargue and J. Jaurès. 1905 - the creation of the United Labor Party, led by an outstanding figure in the socialist movement, scientist, philosopher, historian, journalist, republican and democrat Jean Jaures (1859-1914). 4. 1890s - anarchist attacks. Jean Jaurès (1859-1914).

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Austria-Hungary - a constitutional monarchy without universal suffrage Franz Joseph - Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary But Austria and Hungary each had their own: constitution, parliament, government Austria and Hungary have a common: flag, army, three ministries: military, finance and foreign affairs . financial system. There were no customs borders between Austria and Hungary

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Development of a history lesson for the 8th grade teacher of history and social studies MOBU SOSH p. Bakaldinskoye Asadullina D.Sh.

Topic: Countries of Western and Central Europe

Lesson type: combined

Target:students should have an understanding of the economic and political development of countriesWestern and Central Europe in the middle 19th – late 19th century.

Tasks:

Reveal the features of the countries of Germany, France and Austria-Hungary, through the work itself with the text of the textbook;

Learn to work in a group, distribute responsibilities in a group.

During the classes

1. Org. moment. (Positive mood for the lesson, checking supplies)

2. Checking homework

Insert missing words, dates.

The American Civil War began in...

The war was between... And…..

The war ended in ….., with victory ……

3. Preparing to learn new material

Problem formulation: Which country in Europe occupied the leading positions in the years 1870-1880.

The teacher distributes cut pictures, from which you need to collect 3 whole ones. The pictures show the flags of three countries - Germany, France and Austria-Hungary. Each group received its own flag.

Teacher:Do you know which countries these flags belong to? Today in the lesson we will get to know these countries more deeply. We will work in groups.

We are going to study the indicators of three European states, which we will conduct in groups. The result of our work should be a completed table on the topic of the lesson. In this lesson, we will compare the development of three countries: Germany, Austria-Hungary and France.

The class is divided into groups.

1. Group 1. France after the defeat.

2. Group 2. Germany after unification.

3. Group 3. Austria-Hungary: attempts at reform.

Group rules:

1. Choose the organizer of the work - the captain.

3. Distribute work among group members.

4. Determine who will present the results and how (each question; one or two best speakers).

Based on the existing knowledge, the main lines of comparison are formulated together with the students. Each group receives a card.

Task for groups: Give a brief description of the country:

1. Economic development of the country

2. Political development of the state

5. Anchoring

Group performance.

Students' conclusions: Germany was becoming a dangerous rival in the economy, in the expansion of colonial conquests. This determined international politics both in this and in subsequent periods.

6. primary control.

"Name the state":

1. The proclaimed republic is approved by a majority of 1 vote. (France)

2. A dual monarchy emerged. (Austria-Hungary)

3. The empire was a union of 22 monarchies and 3 free cities. (Germany)

4. A company called Kulturkampf (Germany) was held in the country

5. In previous wars lost Alsace and Lorraine. (France)

6. It was originally a Habsburg empire. (Austria-Hungary)

7. The emperor is the Kaiser, the parliament is the Reichstag. (Germany)

Mutual verification. (Students change notebooks and check each other)

8. Summarizing

9. Reflection: "I - We - Business"

Me - how did I work?

We - how did the group work?

Case - What did you learn?

Homework: paragraph, concepts: extremists, protectionism.

Appendix

The country	France	Germany	Austria-Hungary
Form of government
Economic development (industry, agriculture, transport)	Reasons for the economic backwardness: Features of the economic development of the country :	Features of the economic development of the country: Causes"economic miracle"	The task: What were the features of the economic development of Austria-Hungary?
Political development	The task:	Questse: Expand Provisions: uDomestic policy of Chancellor Bismarck.	The task: What were the features of the political development of Austria-Hungary?
Output:	France by the end of the 19th century experienced economic decline.	In Germany at the end of the 19th century, there was economic growth.	In Austria-Hungary, a serious problem was national question. What was it?
Concepts:	What do you understand by the terms: extremism, Kulturkampf, protectionism, rentier? (write definitions in a notebook)

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Slides captions:

European countries in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries

General development trends 1. Stable political situation. 2. Concentration of production. 3. Concentration of capital. 4.Export of capital abroad, the growth of foreign investment. 5. The growth of interethnic contradictions. 6. The struggle of individual territories for independence.

France 1. Economic slowdown. 2.Export of capital abroad. 3. The growth of representatives of the rentier. 4. The struggle of republicans and monarchists (Constitution of 1875). 5. The Dreyfus affair (1894). 6. Case of Millerand (1899). 7.Movement for the return of Alsace and Lorraine.

Germany 1. Creation of a strong imperial power headed by the Kaiser and Reich Chancellor. 2. Active development of the economy due to the French indemnity. 3. Protectionist policy. 4. Active secularization. 5.Law against socialists (1878-1890). 6. Refusal of socialists (SPD) from revolutionary methods of struggle.

Austria-Hungary 1. Creation of a dual monarchy (1867). 2. The rapid development of commodity-money relations (1868). 3. Beginning of secularization. 4. The beginning of the concentration of capital and production. 5. Development of the trade union movement (1880s). 6. Preservation of feudal vestiges. 7. The national question was acute (Austria, Hungary, South Slavic principalities).

Italy 1. Narrative development of the North and South of Italy. 2. "Hunger riots" in the South (uprising in Sicily, 1893-1894). 3. The beginning of the industrial development of the South (the end of the 19th century). 4. The beginning of the monopolization of industry. 5. Reforms to improve the situation of the people, electoral legislation (Giovanni Giolitti).

Spain 1. The existence of feudal remnants. 2.Slow development of the economy. 3. The desire of the territories of Spain for autonomy (Catalonia, Galicia, Basque Country). 4. Political instability: -1868 - revolution (constitutional monarchy); -1873 - revolution (republic); -1874 military coup (constitutional monarchy).

Balkan countries 1. The agrarian system was preserved. 2. The desire to get rid of Turkish rule and gain independence. 3. Rapprochement with the great powers to gain independence. 4. The First Balkan War (1912) - Turkey lost its European possessions, the Balkan countries gained independence. 5. Second Balkan War (1913) - Bulgaria started a war with Serbia and other countries - Bulgaria lost, moved closer to Germany.

Homework Paragraphs №№ 14,15.

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