List of countries party to the EEU Treaty. EEU: decoding of the abbreviation, structure, history of creation and list of participating countries. The Eurasian Economic Community is the predecessor of the Eurasian Economic Union

The Customs Union is an interstate association between countries within the EAEU. The main purpose of the creation is to simplify trade operations between the states that are members of the association. Also, the CU participants adopted uniform customs tariffs and other regulatory measures.

The task of creating such an economic association is:

Formation of a single customs territory within the countries that are part of the association.
On the territory of the EAEU Customs Union there are regimes of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade between member states.
Cancellation of controls at internal posts on the border of countries that are part of the Customs Union.
Application of the same type of mechanisms for regulating trade and economics. For this purpose, measures are being introduced to harmonize the legislation of the CU members.
Introduction and operation of a unified management body.

As for trade relations with countries that are not members of the Customs Eurasian Economic Union, the following interaction is expected with them:

Application of a common tariff for certain goods that fall into the territory of the association.
Use of uniform non-tariff regulation measures.
Carrying out the same customs policy.
Use of uniform tariffs.

At the moment, the most famous and long-functioning is the European Customs Economic Union. Its formation began in 1958.

Participants, territory and management

Currently the following countries are members of the association:

Russia since July 2010
Kazakhstan since July 2010
Belarus since July 2010
Armenia since October 2015
Kyrgyzstan since May 2015

Syria and Tunisia have voiced their desire to join, Turkey has been proposed to become a member, but so far no decision has been made on joining. It is clearly noticeable that participation in the bloc gives the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union strengthening economic relations.

The unification of the borders of the states indicated above became the basis for the formation of the customs association in question. The borders of the CU are the borders of the countries that are members of the union.

The controls are uniform, there are 2 main ones:

Interstate Council. This is the highest body, whose members are the heads of state and heads of government of the CU countries. It is supranational.
TS commission. This department resolves all issues regarding the formation of customs rules and is responsible for regulating the trade policies of states.

History of creation

The formation of the Customs Union has become a lengthy process and in many aspects complex. The participating countries of the Customs Union 2019 are those states that managed to go through all stages of approvals and adjustments.

The process began in January 1997, when the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan signed an agreement “On measures to implement agreements on the Customs Union.” The need for such consolidation arose when it became clear that the USSR as a structure had faded into oblivion. Then the countries of the Customs Union (the 2019 list is proposed above) agreed to cooperate with the aim of forming and developing a united economic space within the CIS.

Interesting! The idea of creating a union was formed at the beginning of 1994 by Nursultan Nazarbayev. In his vision, the basis of the CU was to be the community of interests of the states that were previously part of the USSR.

The idea of forming a union assumed the unhindered movement of goods and the provision of services to all participating countries. At the same time, the proposed format of economic contacts fully protected the interests of the countries of the Customs Union.

As a result, a single customs space was created without internal customs duties. The boundaries as such were transferred to the external borders of the union. Ideally, trading was greatly simplified, but in reality everything was not so easy. at the first stage, the agreements included, among other things, the determination of the main directions of activity of each country to strengthen the union. More specifically:

Guarantees of equal rights to vehicle property.
Members of the Eurasian Economic Union could freely dispose of the property of the vehicle within the limits of the legislation of the participating countries.
Creation of a unified regulatory framework for state regulation of the economy.

Also in 1997, the following integration departments were formed: Interstate Council, Integration Committee.

In 1998, Tajikistan became a member of the union and an agreement “On the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space” was signed between 5 countries. A few months later, members of the Customs Union signed the following important documents:

“On the formation of the TS.”
"On international road transport."
“On uniform conditions for transit through the territories of the countries participating in the Customs Union.”
"On the interaction of energy systems."

In February 1999, the agreement “On the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space” was signed. Through the adoption of these acts, it was possible to significantly simplify border control procedures between member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Next important steps:

2007 An agreement on a single customs territory is concluded between Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan.
year 2009. Agreements that were previously signed receive a “physical form”, that is, they are implemented in practice.
2010 The previously adopted Customs Code comes into force, is formed and adopted.
Throughout 2011-2013, important documents are being developed that regulate the activities of the union. Among the most important, a unified technical regulation on product safety appears.

The years 2014-2015 were marked by the addition of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan to the list of countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (it is also relevant for 2017). In the future, the union will expand; at the moment, Tunisia and Syria have expressed a desire to join, but so far things have not gone beyond conversations and the composition remains the same.

In 2019, the previously adopted Customs Code of the EAEU came into force.

You will learn about the new Customs Code of the Customs Union of 2019 from our article. Go to .

Distribution of customs duties

The Unified Customs Union naturally receives duties for crossing the borders of the union and the import/export of goods. The association has adopted a scheme for distributing these incomes between participating countries. The structure is like this:

Russia receives 85.33% of total revenues.
Kazakhstan – 7.11%.
Belarus – 4.55%.
Kyrgyzstan – 1.9%.
Armenia – 1.11%.

As you can see, taxes are distributed according to seniority, that is, the earlier a country became a member of the association, the greater the amount of income from duties it can count on.

At the moment, the formation of the Customs Union is taking place, since the EU customs union has gone through a long period of 30 years until its absolute formation.

Goals, directions

In creating a detailed economic space, the main goal was socio-economic progress. As a result, one of the main long-term goals was to increase the trade turnover of services of the participating countries. To begin with, this moment was realized between the participants through the following actions:

Introduction of general requirements and adoption of safety standards for domestic economies and associations in general.
Abolition of procedures at internal customs of the countries of the union. Due to this, goods from the countries of the Eurasian Economic Community Customs Union have become more accessible and attractive.
Increasing trade turnover through the above measures.

At the moment, that very desired increase in trade turnover is not happening, although new agreements are regularly adopted. True, the simplification of trade turnover has not been so significant; competitive conditions have improved.

Technical regulation

Technical regulation in the Customs Union is aimed at achieving the following goals and objectives:

Reducing pressure on the manufacturer - economic and administrative.
Formation of two-level regulatory documentation, which helps make relationships in the market clearer and clearer.
Increasing the level of protection of markets from dangerous products.
Expanding the ability of companies to choose a commercial solution. This eliminates double certification and duplication of other procedures.
Elimination of technical barriers for participants of the Eurasian Customs Union.
Stimulating economic development in various ways.

As for the principles of technical regulation in a customs association, there are the following basic principles:

Establishment of uniform technical regulations for participating countries regarding products and goods.
Carrying out a policy that is agreed upon with each country regarding technical regulation.
Until the entry into force of the TR of the Eurasian Economic Union of the EAEU, national legislation in this area is in effect.

Benefits of participating in the TS

At the moment, not all countries of the EAEU have joined the CU; each has its own reasons. But the main advantages of participating in such an association should be highlighted:

Significant reduction in costs for: processing, transportation of goods within the Union.
Reducing bureaucratic procedures, and as a result, time costs when transporting goods across the territory of the Customs Union.
Reducing the number of steps that must be taken to travel with cargo to third countries.
The Customs Union in 2019 provides new markets.
Simplification of legislation through its unification.

Contradictions, problems, or why the vehicle does not work as planned

Since every country strives to preserve and support its economy, it is not surprising that tensions and difficulties often arise. It is “convenient” to apply certain sanctions through non-tariff regulation methods, which is what is happening. Although the countries of the customs union with Russia have already become “friends” in the period 2018-2019, there were many problems before.

One of the most complex conflicts between the Russian Federation and Belarus was when in 2014 Russia banned almost all meat exports. At that time it was 400 thousand tons. At the same time, there was a tightening of control over goods that cross the border of Belarus, although in fact, according to the norms of the Labor Code of the Customs Union, strengthening control measures is impossible.

The reaction of the president of the CU member country was not long in coming - Belarus returned border control on the border with the Russian Federation. The conflict became a real problem, because Belarus announced its intention to abandon the ruble in payments and return to dollars. As a result, the idea of a customs union was greatly shaken - the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union felt insecure in this format of relations.

Conclusion

In the future, the economic unification of the CU has a chance for active development and implementation of all the declared advantages. While the process of formation is taking place, in general, the most interested participants are the neighbors of the Russian Federation, who with accession will receive more favorable conditions for the purchase of gas and oil. The declared simplification of trade turnover has not yet been observed.

Video: Customs Union 2019

The idea was proposed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev. Back in 1994, he came up with an initiative to unite the countries of Eurasia, which would be based on a common economic space and defense policy.

Twenty years later

On May 29, 2014, in Astana, the presidents of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed an agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union, which came into force on January 1, 2015. The next day - January 2 - Armenia became a member of the union, and on August 12 of the same year, Kyrgyzstan joined the organization.

For twenty years, since Nazarbayev's proposal, there has been forward movement. In 1995, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus signed an agreement on the Customs Union, designed to ensure free exchange of goods between states, as well as fair competition among business entities.

Thus, the first stone was laid in the integration of the former republics of the USSR, based on deeper principles than those on which the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), created at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, was based.

Other states in the region have also shown interest in the Customs Union, in particular, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have joined it. The process smoothly moved to a new stage - in 1999, the countries participating in the Customs Union signed an agreement on the Common Economic Space, and in the following 2000, Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan established the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC).

Things didn't always go smoothly. Disagreements arose between the states, but in the disputes a legal basis for cooperation was born - in 2010, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan signed 17 basic international treaties, on the basis of which the Customs Union began to operate in a new way. A unified customs tariff was adopted, customs clearance and customs control at internal borders were abolished, and the movement of goods in the territory of the three states became unhindered.

The following year, 2011, countries moved to create a single economic space. In December, a corresponding agreement was signed between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, which came into force on January 1, 2012. According to the agreement, not only goods, but also services, capital, and labor began to move freely on the territory of these countries.

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) became a logical continuation of this process.

Objectives of the Union

The main goals of the creation of the EAEU according to the agreement are stated:

creating conditions for the stable development of the economies of states that have joined the organization, in the interests of improving the living standards of their population;
the formation within the framework of the union of a single market for goods, services, capital and labor resources;
comprehensive modernization, cooperation and increasing the competitiveness of national economies in the context of the process of economic globalization.

Controls

The main body of the EAEU is the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, which consists of the heads of state of the organization’s members. The tasks of the Council include resolving strategically important issues of the functioning of the union, determining directions of activity, prospects for the development of integration, and making decisions aimed at realizing the goals of the EAEU.

Regular meetings of the Council are held at least once a year, and extraordinary meetings are convened at the initiative of any member state of the organization or the current Chairman of the Council.

Another governing body of the EAEU is the Intergovernmental Council, which includes heads of government. Its meetings are held at least twice a year. The agenda of the meetings is formed by the permanent regulatory body of the Union - the Eurasian Economic Commission, whose powers include:

Transfer and distribution of import customs duties;
establishment of trade regimes in relation to third countries;
statistics of foreign and mutual trade;
industrial and agricultural subsidies;
energy policy;
natural monopolies;
mutual trade in services and investments;
transport and transportation;
monetary policy;
protection and protection of the results of intellectual activity and means of individualization of goods, works and services;
customs tariff and non-tariff regulation;
customs administration;
and others, in total about 170 functions of the EAEU.

There is also a permanent Court of the Union, which consists of two judges from each state. The Court considers disputes arising on the implementation of the main treaty and international treaties within the Union and decisions of its governing bodies. Both member states of the Union and individual entrepreneurs operating on their territory can apply to the court.

Membership in the EAEU

The Union is open for any state to join, and not only the Eurasian region. The main thing is to share its goals and principles, as well as to comply with the conditions agreed upon with the members of the EAEU.

At the first stage, it is necessary to obtain the status of a candidate state. To do this, it is necessary to send a corresponding appeal to the Chairman of the Supreme Council. Under his leadership, the council will decide whether or not to grant candidate state status to the applicant. If the decision is positive, a working group will be created; it consists of representatives of the candidate state, current members of the Union, and its governing bodies.

The working group determines the degree of readiness of the candidate state to accept the obligations arising from the fundamental documents of the Union, then the working group develops a plan of activities necessary for joining the organization, determines the scope of the rights and obligations of the candidate state, and then the format of its participation in the work of the bodies of the Union .

Currently, there are a number of potential applicants for candidate status to join the EAEU. Among them are the following states:

Tajikistan;
Moldova;
Uzbekistan;
Mongolia;
Türkiye;
Tunisia;
Iran;
Syria;
Turkmenistan.

According to experts, the most ready countries for cooperation in this format are Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

Another form of cooperation with the EAEU is the status of an observer state. It is acquired in a similar way to the status of a candidate for membership and gives the right to take part in the work of the Council’s bodies and to get acquainted with accepted documents, with the exception of documents that are confidential.

On May 14, 2018, Moldova received EAEU observer status. In general, according to Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, about 50 states are currently interested in cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union.

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RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY ANDCIVIL SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RF

HIGH SCHOOL OF CORPORATE MANAGEMENT

Bachelor's program

Direction 100700.62 “Trading”

ABSTRACT

Subject: « History of the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union"

Completed by: Vanyushina A.A.

Checked by: Romanova M.E.

Moscow - 2015

Introduction

1. History of the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union

2. Governing bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union

3. Functions of the Eurasian Economic Union

4. Organizational structure of the Eurasian Economic Union

5. Prospective integration agenda of the EAEU with non-CIS countries

Bibliography

Introduction

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is an international integration economic association (union), the agreement on the creation of which was signed on May 29, 2014 and comes into force on January 1, 2015. The member states of the Eurasian Economic Union are the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Russian Federation.

The idea of forming a Eurasian Union of States was first put forward by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, on March 29, 1994, during a speech at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. It was based on a large-scale project developed by the Kazakh leader for the integration of newly independent states on a qualitatively new, pragmatic and mutually beneficial economic basis. The innovation was to, along with further improvement of the Commonwealth of Independent States, create a new integration structure, the purpose of which would be the formation of a coordinated economic policy and the adoption of joint strategic development programs. Integration in the Eurasian Union was ensured, according to the project, by a clearer and more comprehensive institutional structure of the new integration association and a sufficient amount of its regulatory powers in key sectors of the economy, as well as in the political, defense, legal, environmental, cultural, and educational spheres.

The Eurasian Economic Union is the most ambitious and, at the same time, the most realistic integration project in modern Eurasia, based on clearly calculated economic advantages and mutual benefits. This is a qualitatively new level of economic interaction between neighboring states, opening up broad prospects for economic growth, creating new competitive advantages and additional opportunities for the “integration troika” in the modern global world.

1. History of creation

In 1995, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and later joining states - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the first agreements on the creation of the Customs Union. Based on these agreements, the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) was created in 2000.

On October 6, 2007, in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement on the creation of a single customs territory and the Customs Union Commission as a single permanent governing body of the Customs Union.

The Eurasian Customs Union or the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia was born on January 1, 2010. The customs union was launched as the first step towards the formation of a broader European Union-type economic union of former Soviet republics.

The creation of the Eurasian Customs Union was guaranteed by 3 different treaties signed in 1995, 1999 and 2007. The first agreement in 1995 guaranteed its creation, the second in 1999 guaranteed its formation, and the third in 2007 announced the creation of a single customs territory and the formation of a customs union.

Access of products to the territory of the Customs Union was granted after checking these products for compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union that are applicable to these products. As of December 2012, 31 Technical Regulations of the Customs Union have been developed, which cover various types of products, some of which have already entered into force, and some of which will enter into force before 2015. Some technical regulations will still be developed.

Before the Technical Regulations came into force, the basis for access to the market of the member countries of the Customs Union were the following rules:

1. National certificate - for product access to the market of the country where this certificate was issued.

2. Certificate of the Customs Union - a certificate issued in accordance with the “List of products subject to mandatory assessment (confirmation) of conformity within the Customs Union” - such a certificate is valid in all three member countries of the Customs Union.

Since November 19, 2011, member states have implemented the work of a joint commission (Eurasian Economic Commission) to strengthen closer economic ties to create the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015.

On January 1, 2012, the three states formed the Common Economic Space to promote further economic integration. All three countries have ratified a basic package of 17 agreements governing the launch of the Common Economic Space (CES).

On May 29, 2014, an agreement on the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union was signed in Astana (Kazakhstan).

On January 1, 2015, the EAEU began to function as part of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. On January 2, 2015, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan became members of the EAEU.

2. Governing bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union

The governing bodies of the EAEU are the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council and the Eurasian Economic Commission.

The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the highest supranational body of the EAEU. The council includes heads of state and government. The Supreme Council meets at the level of heads of state at least once a year, at the level of heads of government - at least twice a year. Decisions are made by consensus. The decisions taken become binding in all participating states. The Council determines the composition and powers of other regulatory structures.

The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) is one permanent regulatory body (supranational governing body) in the EAEU. The main task of the EEC is to provide conditions for the development and functioning of the EAEU, as well as the development of economic integration initiatives within the EAEU.

The powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission are defined in Article 3 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission of November 18, 2010. All rights and functions of the previously existing Customs Union Commission were delegated to the Eurasian Economic Commission.

Within the competence of the Commission:

· customs tariffs and non-tariff regulation;

· customs administration;

· technical regulation;

· sanitary, veterinary and phytosanitary measures;

· crediting and distribution of import customs duties;

· establishment of trade regimes with third countries;

· statistics of foreign and domestic trade;

· macroeconomic policy;

· competition policy;

· industrial and agricultural subsidies;

· energy policy;

· natural monopolies;

· state and municipal procurement;

· domestic trade in services and investments;

· transport and transportation;

· monetary policy;

· migration policy;

· financial markets (banking, insurance, currency and stock markets);

· and some other areas.

The Commission ensures the implementation of international treaties that form the legal basis of the Eurasian Economic Union.

The Commission is also the depository of international treaties that formed the legal basis of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space, and now the EAEU, as well as decisions of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council.

Within its competence, the Commission adopts non-binding documents, such as recommendations, and can also make decisions that are binding in the EAEU member countries.

The Commission's budget is made up of contributions from member states and approved by the heads of EAEU member states.

3. FfunctionsEurasian Economic Union

The Eurasian Economic Union is an international organization of regional economic integration with international legal personality and established by the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, signed by the heads of state of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in Astana on May 29, 2014. The EAEU ensures the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and labor, the implementation of a coordinated, agreed or unified policy in the sectors of the economy defined by the Treaty and international treaties within the Union. The Union carries out its activities on the basis of the following principles: - respect for generally recognized principles of international law, including the principles of sovereign equality of member states and their territorial integrity; - respect for the peculiarities of the political structure of the member states; - ensuring mutually beneficial cooperation, equality and consideration of the national interests of the Parties; - compliance with the principles of a market economy and fair competition;

Functioning of the customs union without exceptions and restrictions after the end of the transition periods.

The main goals of the Union are:

Creating conditions for the stable development of the economies of the member states in the interests of improving the living standards of their population;

The desire to form a single market for goods, services, capital and labor resources within the Union;

Comprehensive modernization, cooperation and increasing the competitiveness of national economies in a global economy.

The Union is vested with competence within the limits and scope established by the Treaty and international treaties within the Union. Member States shall implement a coordinated or agreed policy within the limits and scope established by the Treaty and international treaties within the Union. In other areas of the economy, member states strive to implement coordinated or agreed policies in accordance with the basic principles and goals of the Union.

4. Organizational structureEurasian Economic Union

Eurasian Economic International Union

The bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union are:

Supreme Eurasian Economic Council;

Eurasian Intergovernmental Council;

Eurasian Economic Commission;

Court of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Higher Eurasian economic advice(Supreme Council, SEEC) is the highest body of the Union, consisting of the heads of member states of the Union. The Supreme Council considers fundamental issues of the Union's activities, determines the strategy, directions and prospects for the development of integration and makes decisions aimed at realizing the goals of the Union.

Decisions and orders of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council are made by consensus. The decisions of the Supreme Council are subject to execution by member states in the manner prescribed by their national legislation. Meetings of the Supreme Council are held at least once a year. To resolve urgent issues of the Union's activities, extraordinary meetings of the Supreme Council may be convened at the initiative of any of the member states or the Chairman of the Supreme Council.

Meetings of the Supreme Council are held under the leadership of the Chairman of the Supreme Council. Members of the Commission Council, the Chairman of the Board of the Commission and other invited persons may participate in meetings of the Supreme Council at the invitation of the Chairman of the Supreme Council.

Eurasian intergovernmental advice(Intergovernmental Council) is an organ of the Union consisting of the heads of government of member states. The Intergovernmental Council ensures the implementation and monitoring of the execution of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, international treaties within the Union and decisions of the Supreme Council; considers, at the proposal of the Council of the Commission, issues on which consensus has not been reached; gives instructions to the Commission, and also exercises other powers provided for by the Treaty on the EAEU and international treaties within the Union. Decisions and orders of the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council are adopted by consensus and are subject to execution by member states in the manner prescribed by their national legislation. Meetings of the Intergovernmental Council are held as necessary, but at least 2 times a year. To resolve urgent issues of the Union's activities, extraordinary meetings of the Intergovernmental Council may be convened at the initiative of any of the member states or the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Council.

Eurasian Economic Commission- a permanent regulatory body of the Union. The Commission consists of a Council and a Board. The Commission makes decisions that are of a regulatory and legal nature and binding on member states, orders that are organizational and administrative in nature, and recommendations that are not binding. Decisions of the Commission are included in the law of the Union and are subject to direct application in the territories of the Member States.

Decisions, orders and recommendations of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission are adopted by consensus. Decisions, orders and recommendations of the EEC Board are adopted by a qualified majority (2/3 of the votes of the total number of members of the Board) or consensus (on sensitive issues, the list of which is determined by the SEEC).

The commission is located in Moscow.

Court of the Eurasian Economic Union(hereinafter referred to as the Court) is a permanent judicial body of the Eurasian Economic Union, the status, composition, competence and procedure for functioning and formation of which are determined by the Statute of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union.

The purpose of the Court’s activities is to ensure uniform application by member states and bodies of the Union of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, international treaties within the Union, international treaties of the Union with third parties and decisions of bodies of the Union. The Court considers disputes arising on the implementation of the Treaty on the EAEU, international treaties within the Union and (or) decisions of the Union bodies at the request of a member state or at the request of an economic entity. Based on the results of consideration of disputes at the request of a member state, the Court makes a decision that is binding on the parties to the dispute. Based on the results of consideration of disputes at the request of an economic entity, the Court makes a decision that is binding on the Commission.

The Court consists of two judges from each member state, appointed to positions by the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the proposal of the member states for a period of nine years. The Court considers cases as part of the Grand Collegium of the Court, the Panel of the Court and the Appeals Chamber of the Court. The EAEU Court is located in Minsk.

5. Prospective integration agenda of the EAEUwith foreign countries

Discussion of the possible integration of Russia as a member of the EAEU with third countries intensified in 2011-2012, when they began to consider the prospects of signing agreements on free trade zones (FTA) with New Zealand, Vietnam and ASEAN countries. Later, negotiations began on signing a trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein), and in 2014 with Israel. The possibilities of creating free trade zones with India and the United States were discussed. Trade and economic integration with the EU has been discussed since the Russia-EU summit in 2005. So far, none of these agreements have been signed, and some negotiations (with Norway, Switzerland, New Zealand, the USA, the EU) have either been suspended or have not even begun for political reasons.

Literature

1. Eurasian Economic Union. Questions and answers. Figures and facts. -M., 2014. - 216 p.

2. A. Knobel Eurasian Economic Union: development prospects and possible obstacles.

3. Liebman A. (2005). Economic integration in the post-Soviet space: institutional aspect // Questions of Economics. No. 3. pp. 142--156.

4. Mau V.??A., Kovalev G.??S., Novikov V.??V., Yanovsky K.??E. (2004). Problems of Russia's integration into a single European space (Scientific works No. 71P). M.: Institute for Economics in Transition.

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History of the creation of the vehicle

To better understand the prerequisites and goals of creating the Customs Union, it will be useful to consider the evolution of integration processes in the post-Soviet space:

1995 - Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia sign the first agreement on the creation of the Customs Union. Subsequently, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan joined the agreement;
2007 - Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia enter into an Agreement on a single customs territory and the construction of the Customs Union;
2009 - previously concluded agreements are filled with specific content, about 40 international treaties are signed. A decision was made to form a single customs space on the territory of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan from January 1, 2010;
2010 - the Unified Customs Tariff comes into force, a common Customs Code for three states is adopted;
2011 - customs control is removed from the borders between the CU states and transferred to their external borders with third countries;
2011 - 2013 - the development and adoption of legislative norms common to the countries of the Union continues, the first unified technical regulation on product safety appears;
2015 - Armenia and Kyrgyzstan join the Customs Union.
2016 - Entry into force of the Agreement on a free trade zone between the EAEU and Vietnam. Statement by the presidents of the EAEU countries “On the digital agenda of the Eurasian Economic Union.”
2017 - “White Book” of barriers, exemptions and restrictions. Signing and ratification of the Treaty on the Customs Code of the EAEU.
2018 - Entry into force of the Treaty on the Customs Code of the EAEU. Granting the Republic of Moldova the status of an observer country in the EAEU. Signing of the Agreement on trade and economic cooperation between the EAEU and the PRC. Signing of an Interim Agreement leading to the creation of a free trade zone between the EAEU and Iran.

It must be said that integration processes, with different speeds and results, were constantly going on throughout the period described. Legislation and customs tariffs in trade with third countries were gradually brought to general norms.

Goals of the Customs Union and their implementation

The immediate goal of the Customs Union was stated to be an increase in markets for goods and services produced by its members. The calculation was made, first of all, on the growth of sales within the Common Customs Space of the Union. This was supposed to be achieved by:

The abolition of internal customs duties, which should contribute to the price attractiveness of products produced in the Union;
Acceleration of the turnover of goods due to the abolition of customs control and clearance when moving them within the Customs Union;
Adoption of general sanitary-epidemiological and veterinary requirements, uniform standards for the safety of goods and services, mutual recognition of test results.

To unify approaches to quality and safety, an interstate agreement was concluded on mandatory certification of products specified in the “Unified List of Products Subject to Mandatory Assessment (Confirmation) of Compliance within the Customs Union with the issuance of uniform documents.” For 2016, over three dozen regulations on requirements for the safety and quality of goods, works and services have been agreed upon. Certificates issued by any state are valid in all others.

The next goal of the Customs Union should be the joint protection of the internal market of the Customs Union, the creation of favorable conditions for the production and sale, first of all, of domestic products of the Union member countries. At this point in the program, mutual understanding between states turned out to be somewhat less than in matters of mutual trade. Each country had its own priorities in the development of production, while protecting the interests of neighbors sometimes had a negative impact on importing enterprises and the population.

Contradictions in the CU

The Customs Union united states with a common past, including economic, but a different present, primarily economic. Each of the former Soviet republics had its own specialization during the Soviet period, and during the years of independence there were many other changes associated with attempts to find its place in the world market and in the regional division of labor. Belarus and Kyrgyzstan, states equally distant geographically and in structure, have few mutual interests. But there are similar interests. Since Soviet times, the economic structure of both countries has been built in such a way that it requires a Russian sales market. The situation in Kazakhstan and Armenia is somewhat different, but for them, ties with Russia are extremely important, largely for geopolitical reasons.

At the same time, the Russian economy until the end of 2014 grew successfully due to high gas and other raw materials. Which gave the Russian Federation financial opportunities to finance integration processes. This course of action may not have promised immediate economic benefits, but it did suggest an increase in Russia's influence on the world stage. Thus, the Russian Federation has always remained the real driving force of the processes of the Eurasian unification in general and the Customs Union in particular.

The history of integration processes in recent decades looks like a series of compromises between Russia’s influence and the interests of its neighbors. For example, Belarus has repeatedly stated that it is not the Customs Union itself that is important to it, but a single economic space with equal prices for oil and gas and access for enterprises of the Republic to Russian government procurement. For this purpose, Belarus agreed to increase tariffs on the import of passenger cars in 2010-2011, without having its own production of such products. Such a “sacrifice” also became the reason for the announcement of mandatory certification of light industry goods, which hit small retail trade hard. In addition, the internal standards of the Customs Union had to be brought into line with the norms, although Russia is a member of this organization (and enjoys the corresponding opportunities in international trade), and Belarus is not.

So far, the Republic of Belarus has not received the desired benefits in full, because... Questions about equalities with domestic Russian energy prices have been postponed until 2025. Also, Belarusian enterprises did not receive opportunities to participate in the Russian import substitution program.

It should be noted that the agreements of the Customs Union have many exceptions and clarifications, anti-dumping, protective and compensatory measures that do not allow us to talk about common benefits and equal conditions for all participants in the organization. Almost each of the CU states at certain points expressed their dissatisfaction with the contractual terms.

Despite the elimination of customs posts within the Union, border control between states remains. Inspections by sanitary control services also continue at internal borders. The practice of their work demonstrates neither mutual trust nor the declared unity of approaches. An example of this is the “food wars” that periodically arise between Russia and Belarus. Their usual scenario begins with non-recognition of the quality of products certified by the Belarusian side and leads to a ban on supplies to Russian consumers “until the deficiencies are eliminated.”

Advantages of the Customs Union

It is impossible to talk about achieving the goals declared at the conclusion of the Customs Union at the moment (2016), internal trade turnover between the CU participants is falling. There are also no particular advantages for the economy compared to the period before the agreements were concluded.

At the same time, there is reason to believe that without the agreement on the Customs Union the situation would have looked even more depressing. Crisis phenomena in each individual economy could have a greater scale and depth. Presence in the Customs Union gives many enterprises a comparative advantage in the intra-Union market.

The shared distribution of customs duties between the CU states also looks favorable for Belarus and Kazakhstan (initially, the Russian Federation claimed to transfer 93% of the total to its own).

The agreements in force in the Customs Union provide the opportunity for duty-free sales of cars produced in the territory of the Union in the industrial assembly mode. Thanks to this, Belarus received foreign investment in the construction of enterprises for the production of passenger cars. Until this time, such projects were not successful due to the small volume of the Belarusian sales market itself.

Practice of application of customs agreements

Studying the published information about the creation and functioning of the Customs Union, it is easy to notice that the declarative part, i.e. Ratified interstate agreements and general documents are mentioned much more often than specific figures for increasing trade turnover.

But the Union should obviously not be treated as a PR campaign. There is a noticeable simplification of the movement of goods, a reduction in the number of administrative procedures, and some improvement in competitive conditions for enterprises of the CU member countries. It is likely that filling the agreed upon uniform rules with economic content requires time and mutual interest not only between government institutions, but also between business entities within the Customs Union.

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The Customs Union is an organization that has legal personality obtained under the Treaty on the Economic Union of the Eurasian States. The document was signed on May 29, 2014.

Members of the Customs Union

The creation of the Union is aimed at ensuring the solution of the following issues:

To help coordinate, harmonize, and develop a unified policy regarding all sectors of the economy.
Ensure free movement of both labor and finance, services, and goods.

Currently, the following states are participants in the Customs Union:

Russia,
Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan,
Armenia,
Belarus.

Also, Tunisia, Syria and Turkey stated that they intend to join the Customs Union. But so far, these countries have not taken any concrete steps for this.

The evolution of the process will help to better understand the prerequisites and goals of creating a TS.

The first agreement, which became the basis for the creation of the Union, was signed by Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in 1995. Later, the agreement was signed by representatives of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
2007 Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus have concluded the following agreement. It said that the listed countries agreed to build a Customs Union with a single customs territory.
year 2009. The previously signed document was supplemented by many additional international treaties, there were more than forty of them. In addition, it was decided that from the first days of 2010 a single customs space will be formed. It will include the territory of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.
2010 A common code was adopted for the listed states. At the same time, a single tariff comes into effect.
In 2011, the removal of customs controls between the countries of the Union. It was moved to the outer borders.
From 2011 to 2013. Development and adoption of legislative norms common to the CU countries. In addition, a unified law on product safety was developed.
In 2014, the CU was replenished with one more country, Armenia, and the following year Kyrgyzstan also became a member of the Union.

In other words, integration processes were developed throughout the entire period. As a result, general norms of legislation and customs tariffs should be developed so that it would be possible to carry out trade operations with those states that were not included in the Customs Union.

The main goal pursued by the powers that signed the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union is to strengthen economic ties. First of all, strengthening ties was meant between the participating countries, and then with those states that were part of the Soviet Union. And also the task is to restore the once existing technological and economic chains. But this will have to happen taking into account the current economic and political situation of each state.

Who runs the EES?

The following structures coordinate and manage the work of the EAEU bodies:

Highest Eurasian EC. This is the name given to a supranational body. It consists of the heads of countries that have become members of the CU. The meeting of the Supreme Council takes place annually. It makes regular decisions that all participating countries must implement. In addition, the council is responsible for determining the composition and powers of various CU structures.
Eurasian Commission on Economics. This is the regulatory body of the Union, which works constantly. In addition to general issues, the commission also resolves those related to customs regulation and international trade. It also develops and provides conditions for the development of the vehicle and its normal operation.

The powers of the commission are quite extensive; it is authorized to resolve almost all issues:

Technical regulation.
Customs administration.
Trade statistics.
Procurement
Monetary policy.
Macroeconomic policy.
Concerning transportation, transport.
Subsidies for agricultural or industrial enterprises.
Financial markets.
Migration policy.
Trade regime with third countries.
Competition policies, energy.
Copyright compliance.
Measures regarding sanitary/veterinary standards.
Natural monopoly and other areas.

Governing bodies of the Eurasian Economic Union

In addition, the duties of the commission include ensuring the implementation of international treaties included in the legal framework of the Union.

The Commission is competent to approve documents and make decisions that the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union will be obliged to implement.

CU goals and their implementation

The first goal of the CU concerned issues related to increasing markets where Union members could sell the goods and services they produced. So that, first of all, sales grow within it.

For this purpose the following was proposed:

Cancel internal customs duties. Thanks to this, the price attractiveness of products produced by member countries of the Union could increase.
Cancel customs control and paperwork for the movement of products. This helped speed up the turnover of goods within the Union.
Adopt general requirements for veterinary safety standards and sanitary and epidemiological issues. It was proposed to obtain this based on the results of joint tests.

In order to unify the approach to safety and quality, the participating countries signed an agreement that all products offered for sale must have a certificate. Its form was specified in one of the Customs Union documents.

This agreement contains more than 30 regulations. All of them relate to the quality of services/products and their safety. Moreover, a certificate issued by one member state of the Union remains valid in other member states.

The following TS goals:

Create all conditions so that the member countries of the Union can primarily sell their own products.
Protect the domestic vehicle market.

Unfortunately, to date, no mutual understanding has been reached between the states on the listed points. Each of them has its own priorities regarding the development of production and intends to primarily protect its own interests, and not take care of the production of its neighbors. Because of this, both importing enterprises and the population suffer.

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