Quotation marks are a symbol, a punctuation mark, which must have a pair. It highlights quotes from the general text, words taken from other texts, or segments of words. It is also used to highlight the irony or figurative meaning of a word, its unusualness, or a reference to something.

If the quotation uses another expression enclosed in these symbols, then the latter will be of a different type. For example: I received a telegram: “I’m arriving this evening. I’ll stay at the Troitsk Hotel.”

In punctuation there is several types similar punctuation marks:

• “Christmas trees” or “French” are also typographic;
• “Paws” or “German”;
• “English double” and “single” (this punctuation mark is rarely used in Russian literature and writing).

“Herringbones” are used mainly for printing. “Paws” – in texts written by human hand. There are also “computer” or typewritten ones, in which the design of the opening and closing quotation marks is completely indistinguishable from each other. They are typed using the keyboard on a computer.

Microsoft Word uses French and English by default.

How to put Christmas trees, paws and other quotes from the keyboard

There are several ways to put quotation marks on the keyboard of a laptop or personal computer when typing in any version of Word (including 2010/2013/2016) or elsewhere.

"Christmas trees"

In this case, use the key combination “Shift” + “2”. This method will work if the keyboard layout is Russian, and also when you need “Christmas trees”:

There is another method for printing this sign. The method is not often practiced, but it is better to know it too. Change the layout to English and type two letters “ab”, then click on the buttons “ Alt» + « X" You will get the opening symbol, and the opposite one is done in the same way as the opening one, but we write “ bb».

“English”

If we are typing in English, then to highlight a word we should use “Shift” + “E”:

<Одиночные угловые>

To make single corner quotes, follow the instructions:

• change the language to English;
• press " Shift" and click on the letter " B"- you get an open corner;
• in order to close it, press " Shift" and click on the button " YU»;
• then we change the layout to Russian and enter the required word between them;
• We continue typing.

Quotes "paws"

This type cannot be set from the keyboard, only using autocorrect or ASCII code. We'll talk about this further.

We use ASCII code

To set such characters, you can use a special table of symbols that are not on the keyboard. Below is a picture and an explanation for it.

To use it you should:

The necessary words are written inside quotation marks.

Symbols in Word

In a Word document, quotation marks can be set in another way. In the “Insert” tab there is an item “ Symbol».

It is located in the upper right corner immediately below the “Equation” item.

To use this method you must:

You can use the symbol table not only in Word; to do this you need to launch START and go to Programs - Accessories - Service. In Windows 10, just find the Standard section in START.

Further use is similar to working in Word.

Quotes in HTML

For html pages, separate mnemonics are used:

• “
• » - ";
• &bdquo - „;
• &ldquo - “;
• &rdquo - ";
• &lsquo - ';
• &rsquo - '.

There is one more tag in HTML. Thanks to it, all text that will be enclosed inside this tag is surrounded by quotation marks. The tag is a small letter of the Latin alphabet “q”.

And their appearance will be depend on attribute"lang" which will be entered at the root of the HTML component. When the “lang” attribute has the following form – “lang=”ru””, “Christmas trees” will be displayed on the screen in the final document.

Remember that all codes are installed in the hypertext markup location where they should appear in the browser. Many browsers don't support dependence of the output of certain characters on the attribute. It is recommended to use CSS layout.

Using autocorrect - how to change quotes in Word

For such punctuation marks, you can autocorrect so as not to be distracted by switching the keyboard while typing. Autocorrect helps increasing text printing speed. To do this, you need to use the instructions below:

• open a Word page;
• Click on the “File” tab and go to “ Options»;
• in Options, click on “Spelling” and press the “ AutoCorrect options»;
• In the “Auto format as you type” item, which you will see in the window that opens, check the box above the line “Replace straight quotes with paired quotes as you type.”

This page contains quotes of all kinds, pulled from different sections of Unicode.

This punctuation mark is paired. It denotes direct speech, or a word that is used in a meaning that does not correspond to the usual one - for example, in the opposite. There are several types. The names came from the country where they were invented and from the similarity of the outline with certain objects.

Different scripts use different quotation marks according to... Probably tradition. Yes, there are rules for punctuation, but they do not specify the type. There are typographical typesetting standards that ordinary people can give a damn about. So, according to tradition, we (in Russia) use “Christmas tree” quotes. If you need to put them inside an already quoted part of the text, the external and internal characters must be different. The nested ones are the “legs” (““…”). In addition, when writing by hand and in print, the appearance may be different. In the good old days, when I still wrote by hand, the so-called Polish ones were always used (see below). However, fonts are not drawn entirely uniformly.

Konstantin the Philosopher was the first to try to introduce rules for placing quotation marks for Slavic scripts. In the 15th century, he wrote a treatise “On Writing”. There it was proposed to highlight quotations from church texts with special symbols. The images of these symbols were very similar to modern herringbone quotes.

“ ” English doubles.

‘ ’ English singles.

Christmas tree quotes. HTML code (mnemonic): " " ( " " )

„ “ German "paws".

„ ” Polish.

Swedish reverse.

Double universal. HTML code (mnemonic): " (")

The use of quotation marks in different languages.

The rules are not strict (if there are any), don't be surprised if they are loosely enforced.

Main and spare (placed inside the main ones, if necessary):

Albanian "..." ‹…›

English "…" '…'

Arabic "..." ‹…›

African „…” ‚…’

Belarusian “...” “...”

Bulgarian “…“ ‚…‘

Hungarian "..."

Greek "..." ‹…›

Danish »…« ›…‹

Hebrew "..." / "..." "..." /<<…>>

Irish “…” ‘…’

Icelandic “…“ ‚…‘

Spanish "..." "..."

Italian "..."

Chinese "…" '…'

Latvian „…“ „…“

Lithuanian “…“ ‚…‘

Dutch „…” ‚…’

German "…" ,…'

Norwegian "..."

Polish "..." "..."

Portuguese “…” ‘…’

Romanian "..." "..."

Russian "…" "…"

Serbian “…“ ‚…‘

Slovak „…“ ‚…‘

Slovenian “…“ ‚…‘

Turkish “…” ‘…’

Ukrainian "..." „…“

Finnish “…” ’…’

French " … " < … >

Croatian »…« ›…‹

Czech „…“ ‚…‘

Swedish “…” ’…’

Estonian „…” „…”

Japanese 「…」 『…』

Many of these icons are symmetrical in the horizontal plane. Even if all of them are, they will remain unchanged.

What are quotation marks? What is the difference between quotation marks of different designs?

Quotation marks are paired punctuation marks. They mark the left and right boundaries of a word or a segment of text; thus, quotation marks can be opening and closing quotation marks, with opening and closing quotation marks typically differing in design.

In Russian writing, the following types of quotation marks are most common:

“Christmas trees” (used in printed texts);

“paws” (used, as a rule, in handwritten texts);

‘Marr’s quotation marks’ (used to describe the meaning of a word and when translating the meaning of a foreign word, for example: the word “skimmer” is borrowed from the Polish language, in which it goes back to the verb szumować ‘to remove foam’ from szum ‘foam’);

“computer quotes” are quotes of a special type, in which the design of the opening and closing quotes is completely indistinguishable. Such quotation marks are found in texts typed on a computer keyboard.

Offtopic

A little technical trick. In any text typed on a computer, you can arrange “Christmas trees” yourself. To do this, you need to remember the following key combinations: press Alt, type 0171, release Alt - we get “. Press Alt, type 0187, release Alt - we get ".

About quotes inside quotes

If inside words enclosed in quotation marks there are other words, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, it is recommended (provided that there are technical possibilities for this) to use quotation marks of different patterns: external ones - “herringbone”, internal ones - “paws” (or - in texts typed on a computer - “computer quotes”). If this is not possible, then closing quotes are placed only once. Quotes from the same picture are not repeated next to each other. For example:

Preferably: the work of V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest””.

Acceptable (if it is not technically possible to use quotation marks of different designs): the work of V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest”.

Wrong: work by V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and on “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest””.

When are quotation marks used?

In modern Russian, quotation marks perform the following functions:

1. Highlighting paragraph-free direct speech and quotes.

2. Identification of conventional (proper) names.

3. Highlighting words that are used in an unusual, ironic, special meaning.

Quotation marks for words not used in their usual meaning

Quotation marks for words used in an unusual, special, conventional, ironic meaning not only help the author of the text to draw the reader’s attention to a particular word or expression, but also make it possible to use lexical units belonging to a different style, for example, to use a colloquial word in journalistic text (often in such cases quotation marks are used by the author for “reinsurance”).

The first thing to note is that quotation marks for unusually used words are considered as an optional sign (in contrast to the mandatory use of quotation marks for proper names and direct speech).

They are highlighted with quotation marks.:

1) unusual, rarely used words that the author wants to draw attention to;

2) words used in a special, unusual meaning;

3) words that are little-known terms;

4) words are outdated or, conversely, completely new, if this feature of them is emphasized;

5) words used in an ironic meaning;

6) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to a situation or context).

It is often very difficult to distinguish between the “usual” and “unusual” meanings of a word:

Firstly, for this you need to have a highly developed linguistic sense,

Secondly, cases often arise when what is “usual” for one native speaker is “unusual” for another.

Finally, the “unusual” meaning of a word can become “habitual” over time. This is why placing quotation marks on unusually used words raises so many questions.

What should you be guided by when answering the question about putting quotation marks? Here are two simple rules:

Focus on dictionary entries in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language: if the word (phrase) is already fixed in them, therefore, the meaning is not unusual and quotation marks are not needed;

Take into account the style of the text in which similar lexical units are found. Of course, they can most often be found in newspaper and magazine texts, but at the same time, in “serious” media that offer readers materials on socio-political and socially significant topics, placing quotation marks on unusually used words is more appropriate than, for example, in newspapers and magazines aimed at a youth audience and writing on “light” topics, since when a word is used in an “unusual” meaning, it often has a colloquial or vernacular connotation.

Words and phrases that do not require quotation marks

star ("famous person, artist")

gold ("award of the highest standard")

zest ("charm, sharpness")

zipper ("quick pull fastener")

tail ("exam debt")

the Velvet season

white salary

White gold

great dumb

blue fuel

luxury hotline

round table

bags under the eyes

gray salary

stronger sex

weaker sex

helpline

black gold

black box

The words following the phrase so-called are not enclosed in quotation marks. The exception is when these words are used in an unusual or ironic meaning.

Quotation marks for proper names

To answer the question of when names are placed in quotation marks, it is necessary to find out what types of proper names exist. The names can be divided into two large groups:

1. Compound names that are not conventional are real proper names. In such names, all words are used in their literal meaning. Such names are not highlighted with quotation marks; in them the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter.

For example: State Russian Museum, Ostankino Museum of Serf Art, Moscow Drama Theater on Malaya Bronnaya, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow Printing House No. 2, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Russian Football Union, State Prize, Guinness Book of Records , Great Patriotic War, Peter's era.

2. Conventional (symbolic) names enclosed in quotation marks.

Real proper names and conventional names differ primarily in syntactic compatibility (roughly speaking, one word depends on another: noun and adjective, noun and noun in the genitive case).

Compare: Bolshoi Theatre, Theater of Satire, Theater in the South-West- these are real proper names, they have syntactic compatibility, quotes are not needed.

But: Sovremennik Theater, School of Modern Play Theater– conventional names that are not syntactically combined with the generic word. They are enclosed in quotation marks. Similarly: Friendship Park, but: Sokolniki Park, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, but: Yabloko Party, etc.

Let us list the main groups of conventional names enclosed in quotation marks:

Names of companies, institutions, organizations, societies: hotel "Russia", hotel "Metropol", confectionery factory "Red October", publishing house "Nauka".

Names of political parties: parties “Yabloko”, “Civil Power”, “United Russia”, “A Just Russia”.

Names of domestic news agencies: Interfax news agency, RIA Novosti. The names of foreign news agencies are traditionally not included in quotation marks: Agence France Presse, Agency United Press International.

Names of entertainment enterprises and institutions (theaters, cinemas, exhibition centers, etc.): cinema chains “Formula Kino”, “Cinema Star”, cinema “Five Stars”, theaters “Sovremennik”, “School of Modern Play”, Central Exhibition Manege Hall, Children's Art Center "Theater on the Embankment", Theater Center "On Strastnom", Kinotavr festival.

Names of musical groups: chamber orchestra “Moscow Virtuosi”, groups “The Beatles”, “Rolling Stones”, “Factory”, “Strelki”, “City 312”.

Names of sports societies, teams, clubs: football clubs “Spartak”, “Zenith”, “Lokomotiv”, “Barcelona”, “Manchester United”, “Lazio”, “Beitar”, “Anderlecht”, hockey teams “Salavat Yulaev”, "Severstal", "Ak Bars". However, abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: CSKA, SKA.

Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia: Order “Mother Heroine”, Medal “Veteran of Labor”, “Golden Mask” Award, “Oscar” Award.

Names of periodicals (newspapers, magazines): newspapers “Arguments and Facts”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, magazines “Ogonyok”, “Russian Language Abroad”, including names that include generic names: “Newspaper”, “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” , "Russian Journal".

Names of documents: Federal Law of December 23, 2003 N 177-FZ “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation”, Federal Constitutional Law “On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation”.

Titles of literary and scientific works, works of art: the novel “War and Peace”, the painting “Apotheosis of War”, the opera “The Queen of Spades”, the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears”, the television series “Lost”, including names that include generic titles: “A Novel Without Lies”, “A Tale of a Real Man”, “An Optimistic Tragedy”. Please note: if the name of a work of art consists of two titles connected by the union or, then a comma is placed before the union, and the first word of the second title is written with a capital letter: “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath.”

Names of museums: Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Krasnaya Presnya Museum. Please note: the names of foreign museums and art galleries such as the Prado Museum, Orsay Museum, Uffizi Gallery, etc. are written without quotation marks.

Names of natural disasters (hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes): Typhoon Judy, Hurricane Katrina, Storm Noel, Cyclone Cider.

Names of production brands of technical products: Volga, Toyota cars, Indesit washing machine, Ardo gas stove.

Names of aircraft and means of space exploration; military equipment: Ruslan aircraft, Boeing 747, Discovery shuttle, Atlantis shuttle, Noud-2 docking module; ballistic missile "Topol", strike complex "Iskander-M".

Names related to the field of information technology (IT), including the names of Internet resources and web services: “Izvestia.Ru”, “Slovari.Ru”, “Strana.Ru”, “Yandex”, “Rambler”, “ Yandex.Photos", "Yandex.Dictionaries", reference information systems and computer programs: "ConsultantPlus", "1C: Enterprise" systems, names of tariff plans and services provided by companies - cellular operators and Internet providers: tariff plans " Unified", "Mobile", "Profi 1300 VIP", "Call Xtreme", "Stream 6", services "Who called?", "Account Analyzer", "Megafon.Bonus", "Service Guide".

Names of drugs, medical preparations. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of medicines should be written with a capital letter in quotation marks: “Agri”, “Influvac”, “Aflubin”, “Fervex”, and in everyday use - with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: drink Fervex, take Viagra. Some names of drugs that have come into wide use due to many years of use (validol, analgin, aspirin) are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks.

Names of food products, including alcoholic beverages. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of food products are capitalized in quotation marks: “Creamy” waffles, “Kartoshka” cake, “Chinese” salad, “Lyubitelsky” carbonade, “Mozzarella” cheese, “Tartar” sauce, liqueur Baileys, Beaujolais Nouveau wine, Cinzano Bianco vermouth, Black Card coffee. The names of products in everyday use are written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: amateur sausage, Borodino bread, Olivier salad, potato cake. Without quotation marks, the names of varieties of wines, mineral waters and other drinks are written with a lowercase letter: merlot, chardonnay, riesling, port, borjomi.

The names of types and varieties of agricultural crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. are terms of agronomy and horticulture. Unlike the names listed above, these names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: Victoria strawberry, Chardonnay grape, Black Prince tulip.

Particularly difficult is writing car names..

Directories recommend writing the names of car brands in quotation marks with a capital letter: cars “Volga”, “Volvo”, “Nissan”, “Skoda”, and the names of the cars themselves as technical products - with a lowercase letter in quotation marks (except for names that coincide with proper names – personal and geographical). For example: “Cadillac”, “Muscovite”, “Toyota”, “Nissan”, but: “Volga”, “Oka” (the same as proper names, so they are written with a capital letter).

Exceptions: “Lada”, “Mercedes” (the same as proper names, but written in lowercase). However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish in which case the name is the name of the car brand, and in which the name of the technical product: He prefers “Toyota” / “Toyota” to all cars. In controversial cases, the decision to write with a capital or lowercase letter is made by the author of the text.

Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks: cars Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.

Ambiguous names (make and model of the car), written in Cyrillic, are written with a hyphen, while all parts of the name are written with a capital letter: “Lada-Priora”, “Toyota-Corolla”, “Renault-Megan”, “Nissan-Teana”, "Hyundai Getz", "Nissan Almera Classic", "Suzuki Grand Vitara". But: “Volkswagen Beetle” (echoes a common noun).

Abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: ZIL, VAZ, KamAZ.

In everyday use, the names of vehicles are written without quotation marks, for example: I arrived in an old Muscovite (in a luxurious Cadillac). Colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written without quotation marks, for example: Moskvich, Ford, UAZ.

Numerous questions also arise when writing names and nicknames of people, animal names, as well as geographical names. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions.

Nicknames are written without quotation marks both in cases where the nickname comes after the name (Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart), and when the nickname is located between the first and last names: Garik Bulldog Kharlamov, Pavel Snezhok Volya, Dwayne the Rock Johnson;

Animal names are not enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a capital letter: Barbos the dog, Matroskin the cat, Woof the kitten, Boniface the lion. However, if individual names are used as general names of animals, they are written with a lowercase letter: murka, zhuchka, watchdog, savraska, burenka. The names of animal breeds are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: Kholmogorka cow, poodle dog.

The names of railway stations and train stations are written without quotation marks, all words except generic designations are written in capital letters: stations Fili, Uzlovaya, Podsolnechnaya, 125 km, Stroitel, Dachnaya, Rabochiy Poselok.

Reference manuals recommend writing the names of airports without quotation marks, but in recent years there has been a strong tendency to enclose these names in quotation marks. Perhaps such writing will soon be recognized as normative. However, now it is better to write without quotes: Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Pulkovo, Boryspil airports.

The names of metro stations are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams and not at the stations and stops themselves!), the first word of such names is written with a capital letter (it may be the only one), as well as all those words that are written with capital letter as part of the corresponding toponyms: metro stations “Fili”, “Pionerskaya”, “Sviblovo”; “Vyborgskaya”, “Avtovo”, “Elektrosila”; “Prospekt Mira”, “Kuznetsky Most”, “Okhotny Ryad”; “Gostiny Dvor”, “Old Village”; “Street of 1905”, “Sparrow Hills”, “Sretensky Boulevard”, “Filyovsky Park”; "Ligovsky Prospekt", "Technological Institute".

The names of districts, microdistricts (urban microtoponymic names) are written without quotation marks: districts Marfino, Kurkino, Lyublino, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Biryulyovo Western. However, the conventional names of residential areas, areas and individual houses are placed in quotation marks, accompanied by the words residential area, HOA (homeowners' association), SZhD (social residential building), etc., for example: residential area "Parus", residential area "Pobeda", residential complex "Breeze", HOA "Novobrodovsky", SZD "Mitino", farm "Stolyarovo", substation "Dachnaya".

The names of directions, routes, and trains are subject to the following rule: when indicating spatial limits, a dash is placed between geographical names. Names are written in capital letters without quotation marks. For example: the Kyiv-Simferopol route, the Moscow-Kyiv train, the Moscow-Uglich-Moscow route, the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline. However, the conventional names of roads and routes are placed in quotation marks; oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.: the Kholmogory, Caspian, Don, Ural, Crimea, Ussuri highways, the Blue Stream gas pipeline, the Druzhba oil pipeline.

Quotation marks in abbreviated names of institutions, organizations, companies

Complex abbreviated names

The use of quotation marks for complex abbreviated words depends primarily on the semantics of the name. The names of government agencies are not enclosed in quotation marks, including:

Unofficial names of legislative and executive authorities (ministries, federal agencies, federal services, committees, etc.), for example: State Duma, Moscow City Duma, Rosobrnadzor, Central Election Commission, Ministry of Economic Development, Moscow Heritage Committee;

Names of government agencies without a generic word, for example: Mosgortrans, Mosvodokanal. However, when used with a generic word, quotation marks are placed: State Unitary Enterprise “Mosgortrans”, Moscow State Unitary Enterprise “Mosvodokanal”.

Unlike the names of government institutions, the complex abbreviated names of commercial organizations are written in quotation marks (both in the presence of a generic word and in its absence): “Rosgosstrakh” and the company “Rosgosstrakh”, “Technopromexport” and OJSC “Technopromexport”, “Stroymontazh” and CJSC “ Stroymontazh", "Metrogiprotrans" and OJSC "Metrogiprotrans", "Gazprom Neft" and OJSC "Gazprom Neft", "Surgutneftegaz" and OJSC "Surgutneftegaz", "LUKoil" and OJSC "LUKoil" (also OJSC "Oil Company LUKoil" .

It should be noted that some names of the largest companies, for example Gazprom, AvtoVAZ, etc., experience fluctuations in spelling when used without a generic word; in the presence of a generic word, placing quotation marks is beyond doubt: Gazprom OJSC, AvtoVAZ OJSC.

A note about money. The name Sberbank of Russia is written without quotation marks. This example can be considered unique: the absence of quotation marks with this name is explained both by the history of its use and by extralinguistic reasons. Despite the fact that Sberbank of Russia is currently a commercial organization, many native speakers still associate it with a government institution (at Sberbank you can receive a pension, pay utility bills, etc.).

Names – initial abbreviations

Names that are abbreviations of the initial type are also formatted differently. Abbreviations derived from real proper names are not enclosed in quotation marks. Among them:

Initial abbreviations are the names of government agencies, including ministries, law enforcement agencies (modern and historical), etc., for example: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministry of Internal Affairs), State Traffic Safety Inspectorate (State Inspectorate for Road Safety), OMON ( Special Police Detachment), FSB (Federal Security Service), SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service), PFR (Russian Pension Fund);

Names of political parties: Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Communist Party of the Russian Federation), LDPR (Liberal Democratic Party of Russia), SPS (Union of Right Forces), BYuT (Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc);

Names of educational, scientific, entertainment institutions: IRYa RAS (Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences), MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations), RUDN University (Russian Peoples' Friendship University), MARKHI (Moscow Architectural Institute), MHT (Moscow Art Theater), State Tretyakov Gallery (State Tretyakov Gallery);

Names of international organizations: WTO (World Trade Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), IOC (International Olympic Committee), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency).

At the same time, abbreviations of the initial type are written in quotation marks, which are an abbreviation of the conventional name. Among them:

Names of periodicals: "RG" ("Rossiyskaya Gazeta"), "AiF" ("Arguments and Facts"), "MK" ("Moskovsky Komsomolets"), "NG" ("Nezavisimaya Gazeta"), "SE" (" Sport Express"), etc.;

Names of political parties: “PR” (“Patriots of Russia”), “SR” (“A Just Russia”); The abbreviation “ER” (“United Russia”) is placed in quotation marks inconsistently.

Names of commercial organizations appearing in combination with the generic word: MTT OJSC (Interregional TransitTelecom OJSC), Russian Railways OJSC (Russian Railways OJSC), MTS OJSC (Mobile TeleSystems OJSC).

As for the abbreviated names of commercial organizations used without a generic word (MTT, MTS, Russian Railways), in modern written speech they behave extremely inconsistently: in some cases they are enclosed in quotation marks, in some cases they are written without quotation marks. However, it should be recognized that it is preferable to enclose such names in quotation marks, since this makes the text easier for the reader to understand.

Note. Abbreviated names of sports teams are not enclosed in quotation marks (both in the presence and absence of a generic word): SKA, CSKA, PFC CSKA. The tradition of not putting abbreviated names of sports teams in quotation marks dates back to the first third of the 20th century, when the number of such names was much larger.

For clarity, all the recommendations formulated above are shown in the following table.

Quotation marks in names written in Latin letters

Introductory Notes. None of the modern spelling reference books recommend using quotation marks in names written in Latin characters. The recommendations below are formulated based on observations of modern written language.

In modern Russian texts, names are very often written in letters of the Latin alphabet or using two alphabets (Cyrillic and Latin). This mainly concerns the names of foreign brands of equipment and electronics products, which often combine Latin writing with official serial designations, which are complex complexes of numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters ( Voxtel RX11 phones, Sony Ericsson K610i red, Nokia 6131, Samsung D520, Canon A410 camera, BBK DV311SL DVD player, Honda Civic, Mazda 323, Mitsubishi Colt cars). In addition, the names of some media outlets are written in Latin letters in modern texts ( magazines Automobil Review, Total DVD, Russian Mobile, newspapers Moscow Times, PC Week), commercial firms and banks ( British Airways, Bank of America), as well as various city facilities - shops, restaurants, cafes, clubs, hairdressers, etc. At the same time, writing the name in Latin does not always indicate that we are talking about a foreign brand (such as, McDonald's or Ikea), often the names of domestic organizations, enterprises, and trademarks are written in letters of the Latin alphabet ( N-Joy cafe, XL shopping center, Bolero store, Click-Net computer club, Glamor beauty salon), whose owners strive in this way - by writing in Latin - to attract the attention of potential customers.

Examples from modern journalistic texts (published in both print and electronic media) indicate that in Russian writing there has been a strong tradition of not putting proper names written in Latin in quotation marks. In this case, the absence of quotation marks is determined precisely by the Latin alphabet; as a rule, it does not depend either on the number of words in the name, or on the presence or absence of a generic word in the name.

The absence of quotation marks in names written in Latin can be recommended in relation to all groups of names used in Russian texts. Among them:

Names of organizations, institutions, banks, firms, for example: Intel, Fashion LLC, Air France, British Airways, California Cleaners, Carven beauty salon, American Express Bank, Netland Internet center, La Fontana restaurant, Tabula Rasa club, design bureau Phoenix Design, an LG Electronics company.

Names of sports societies, musical groups, for example: groups Lordi, Rammstein, Bee Gees, Rolling Stones, football club PSV Eindhoven.

Names of electronic resources, for example: KM-News news agency, Delfi portal, Yahoo search engine.

Trademark names, conventional names of grocery, perfume and other products, medicines, alcoholic beverages, for example: Christian Lacroix Rouge eau de parfum, Palmolive shower gel, Triple Blade shaving system, Armani jeans, Dolce & Gabbana jacket, Global Village juice, Tuborg Green beer, Oro Verde olives.

Names of manufacturing brands of technical products and the products themselves, for example: Kraftway Idea personal computers, Apple iMac, Mitsubishi Colt, Chevrolet Lacetti, Daewoo Matiz, Mazda 323, Peugeot 207, Volvo S80, Canon A410 camera, Multiquick System mixer system, Campaver heated towel rail Bains.

However, when there is a combination of two (or more) names written in Latin in the text, it is preferable to use quotation marks to prevent the reader from misunderstanding the text. For example: a new series of microwave ovens from Samsung “Aqua”.

The question of the advisability of using quotation marks in the names of literary and scientific works, works of art, documents, periodicals, etc. is controversial: newspapers Financial Times, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Moscow News, magazines Bravo, Classic Rock, People, song Believe me, movie Tomorrow Never Dies. Due to the semantics of these names, enclosing them in quotation marks may be preferable. The final decision on placing quotation marks in such cases is made by the author of the text.

If you need put in quotes or put in parentheses part of an expression already in quotes/parentheses, remember two simple principles of double brackets and double quotes:

* Russian language is not mathematics, signs do not add up, that is, there is no need to put double brackets or quotes at the end (of one picture);

* to facilitate the perception and understanding of the text It’s better to make quotes inside quotes and brackets inside brackets of a different pattern. In this case, the reader will understand exactly where one expression in brackets/quotes ends and how it relates to another.

What means “brackets and quotation marks of different designs” and what drawing is this?

How to correctly form double parentheses

Let's start with the parentheses. The main brackets are round (like this). The second level brackets are most often square ones - [like this]. And the double brackets will look like this: … (… […])…, … ([…]…)… or …(… […] …)…

For example, “I like the work of the group “Nox Arcana” (spelled Nox Arcana [Latin for “secret night”]).”

How to format double quotes correctly

Quotes have the same basic structure, but there are some subtleties. There are several types of quotation marks, and different countries have different traditions. We most often use “Christmas trees”, “paws”, “computer quotes” and some others. In printed publications and documents "first level" quotes are Christmas trees (on our website we also use them). However, on many Internet resources, direct computer quotes are used as the main quotation marks. In fact, this is not so important (although using Christmas trees is more correct and respectable), the main thing is that the selected pattern follows the text sequentially.

Second level quotation marks As a rule, the “legs” protrude - they look good with Christmas trees, as they are quite “contrasting”: you won’t confuse them. But with straight computer quotation marks, the pads may not look so good in some fonts, so check that the reader can understand how one quoted expression is positioned relative to another and the phrase as a whole. Again, once you have adopted some version of the second-level quotation marks, use it consistently.

A few examples:

“We went to the U Doma cinema and watched the film Vacation at the Dacha there. Not a bad movie,” said a friend.

LLC "Company "Scolopendra"".

The price tag read: “Rowan and Watermelon Juice.”

For some time now, TheBat's built-in certificate database for SSL has stopped working correctly (it is not clear for what reason).

When checking the post, an error appears:

Unknown CA certificate
The server did not present a root certificate in the session and the corresponding root certificate was not found in the address book.
This connection cannot be secret. Please
contact your server administrator.

And you are offered a choice of answers - YES / NO. And so every time you remove mail.

Solution

In this case, you need to replace the S/MIME and TLS implementation standard with Microsoft CryptoAPI in the TheBat settings!

Since I needed to combine all the files into one, I first converted all the doc files into a single pdf file (using the Acrobat program), and then transferred it to fb2 through an online converter. You can also convert files individually. The formats can be absolutely any (source) - doc, jpg, and even a zip archive!

The name of the site corresponds to the essence :) Online Photoshop.

Update May 2015

I found another great site! Even more convenient and functional for creating a completely custom collage! This is the site http://www.fotor.com/ru/collage/. Enjoy it for your health. And I will use it myself.

In my life I came across the problem of repairing an electric stove. I’ve already done a lot of things, learned a lot, but somehow had little to do with tiles. It was necessary to replace the contacts on the regulators and burners. The question arose - how to determine the diameter of the burner on an electric stove?

The answer turned out to be simple. You don’t need to measure anything, you can easily determine by eye what size you need.

Smallest burner- this is 145 millimeters (14.5 centimeters)

Middle burner- this is 180 millimeters (18 centimeters).

And finally, the most large burner- this is 225 millimeters (22.5 centimeters).

It is enough to determine the size by eye and understand what diameter you need the burner. When I didn’t know this, I was worried about these dimensions, I didn’t know how to measure, which edge to navigate, etc. Now I'm wise :) I hope I helped you too!

In my life I faced such a problem. I think I'm not the only one.