Annual work in Russian language

Scientific adviser:

Russian language teacher Titova G.V.

Lipetsk - 2013

Introduction

1.1 Punctuation as a language system. Basics of punctuation theory

Conclusions on the first chapter

II. Brief analysis of the punctuation system

2.3 Main trends in the use of punctuation marks (semicolon, colon, dash)

2.3.1 Specifics of using colons in Russian

2.3.2 The importance of the dash in the punctuation system

Conclusions on the second chapter

III. Punctuation in fiction (using the example of analysis of the works of M. Sholokhov)

3.1 Specifics of the punctuation system in classical literature

3.2 Functions of using a comma in artistic style of speech

3.2.2 Semantic-syntactic isolation

3.2.3 Special uses of the comma

Conclusions on the third chapter

Conclusion

List of analyzed sources

List of used literature

Introduction

The punctuation system is one of the most important systems of the language. Despite the fact that a number of scientists deal with punctuation issues, for example A.B. Shapiro, L.I. Zilberman, G.I. Abramova, N.S. Valgina, its nature and functions have not been sufficiently studied. There is no theory of punctuation that would correspond to the theoretical level of the science of language. [L.I. Zilberman, G.I. Abramov].

This implies the relevance of the topic of our research, that is, a theoretical review of punctuation.

The scientific problem in this study is the need for theoretical generalization, analysis of existing information about the nature of punctuation as a system, trends, rules and patterns in the use of basic punctuation marks.

The purpose of the study is a theoretical analysis of the punctuation system of the Russian language, a generalization of trends in the use of basic punctuation marks in general and in the works of M. Sholokhov in particular.

The object of the study is modern punctuation as a historically established system, its principles and specifics, rules, functions, patterns in the use of basic punctuation marks.

The subject of the study is basic trends, rules, functions, patterns in the use of basic punctuation marks.

In accordance with the purpose, subject, object, the following tasks were set:

Analyze the specifics of the punctuation system, its principles and main features;

Summarize and consider trends, rules and patterns in the use of basic punctuation marks: commas, semicolons, colons and dashes;

Emphasize the features of punctuation in the works of M. Sholokhov;

Show the complexity and significance of this aspect of the problem based on identifying and analyzing the functions of using basic punctuation marks in the works of M. Sholokhov.

The research hypothesis is the statement that the comma is a basic element of modern punctuation as a whole, performing various semantic and syntactic functions, serving the purposes of communication in its various manifestations.

This work in its structure consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, an appendix, a list of analyzed sources and a list of references.

The first chapter contains information about the essence of the punctuation system as a whole.

The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of trends, functions, and rules for the use of basic punctuation marks in the Russian language.

The third chapter reveals the specifics of punctuation in the works of M. Sholokhov as a whole and emphasizes its complexity based on an analysis of the functions of using punctuation marks.

Finally, the appendix reflects the most valuable statistical facts regarding the frequency of use of basic punctuation marks in the Russian language.

I. Theoretical foundations for the study of modern punctuation as a historically established system

1.1 Punctuation as a language system. Basic theories of punctuation

The term punctuation means a set of punctuation marks used in written speech, as well as a collection of rules for their placement. Punctuation marks, along with letters, are part of the graphic system of every language. The use of punctuation marks is determined by the syntactic structure of the language, the semantic division of the statement and the rhythmic-intonation system of speech. The role of punctuation as a system is extremely important, since, being an integral part of writing, punctuation is designed to serve the purposes of communication between the writer and the reader, ensuring a two-way communication process.

Punctuation is a means through which the writer expresses certain meanings and shades, and the reader, on their basis, perceives the meanings and shades expressed by them. Often, punctuation marks indicate shades of meaning that cannot be expressed lexically or grammatically; in other cases, they are an additional means of expressing various semantic and grammatical meanings.

In the history of Russian punctuation, three directions have emerged on the issue of its foundations and purpose: logical, syntactic and intonational. The theorist of the logical, or semantic, direction was F.I. Buslaev. In his opinion, punctuation marks have a dual purpose: 1) promote clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part of it from another, and 2) express the feelings of the speaker’s face and his attitude towards the listener. The first requirement is satisfied by a comma, semicolon, colon and full stop, the second requirement is satisfied by exclamation and question marks, ellipses and dashes. To the logical (dividing) function of the first group of punctuation marks, Buslaev adds a stylistic function: the basic rules for their use are determined by the rhetorical analysis of periodic and abrupt speech. (F.I. Buslaev).

In modern linguistics, the semantic understanding of the basics of punctuation has found expression in the works of S.I. Abakumov and A.B. Shapiro. The first of them considered the main function of punctuation to indicate the division of speech into parts that are important for expressing thoughts in writing. Shapiro saw the main role of punctuation in designating those semantic relationships and nuances that, while important for understanding a written text, cannot be expressed by lexical and syntactic means. (S.I. Abakumov, A.B. Shapiro).

The syntactic direction in the theory of punctuation, which has become widespread in the practice of teaching it, proceeds from the fact that punctuation marks are intended, first of all, to make the syntactic structure of speech clear, to highlight individual sentences and their parts. The most prominent representative of this trend, J.K. Grot, believed that through basic punctuation marks an indication of the greater and lesser connections between sentences, and partly between members of sentences, which serves to facilitate the reader’s understanding of written speech.

Representatives of the intonation theory of punctuation believe that punctuation marks serve to indicate the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise phrasal intonation (L.V. Shcherba), that in the vast majority of cases they reflect not the grammatical, but the declamatory-psychological division of speech (A.M. Peshkovsky ) and are needed to convey the melody of speech, its tempo and pauses (L.A. Bulakhovsky).

Despite the significant divergence of views of representatives of different directions, what they have in common is the recognition of the communicative function of punctuation, which is an important means of formatting written speech; punctuation marks indicate the semantic division of speech.

At the same time, to a large extent, Russian punctuation is built on a syntactic basis. In some cases, Russian punctuation is also associated with intonation. All this gives the Russian punctuation system greater flexibility; along with mandatory rules, it contains instructions that are not strictly normative in nature and allow punctuation options associated not only with the semantic side of the written text, but also with its stylistic features [D.E. Rosenthal].

1.2 Principles of the modern punctuation system

Consistency in relation to punctuation is a quality that is most clearly manifested in the two-way functional significance of punctuation: “punctuation from the writer” (direction from meaning to signs) and “punctuation for the reader” (direction through signs to meaning) [N.S. Valgina]. Ultimately, we are talking about encoding and decoding text through signs. It is clear that both processes are possible only if the meanings carried by the signs coincide for the writer and the reader. And, therefore, the signs must naturally and consistently reveal the same qualities in the same positions. Modern punctuation undoubtedly reveals such systemic qualities. Understanding them is associated with the search and approval of the basics of punctuation, the principles of text division. One of the main principles of modern punctuation is the structural principle. (for examples, see Chapter II).

Signs determined by the structure of a sentence and its syntax are conventionally called structural. These cannot be optional. This is the foundation on which modern punctuation is built. This is, finally, the necessary minimum of using signs, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Structural signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. Such signs divide the text into structurally significant parts, help establish the correlation between parts of the text, and indicate the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another. Such signs are present in a text of any style (in an official document, in a scientific essay, and in an artistic or journalistic work). The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since structurally significant parts, as a rule, coincide with logically significant ones; moreover, they serve to express them and punctuation marks fix the boundaries of these parts.

On the other hand, the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural division; those. the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure. The structure of the sentence is, as it were, programmed with a given meaning. If it is necessary to convey a different meaning, a sentence with the same set of words is constructed differently [N.S. Valgina].

According to N.S. Valgina, a very important principle in modern punctuation is the semantic principle. (for examples, see Chapter II).

Punctuation marks help the writer draw the reader's attention to important details. The direct meaning of the statement can depend on the placement of punctuation marks, and the semantic and psychological depth, tension and exclusivity of the manifestation of the attribute can be conveyed. The shades recorded in a sentence can vary, and therefore in punctuation, based on a semantic principle, there is always something subjective and individual. Skillful placement of punctuation marks increases the semantic significance of written speech and condenses the semantic capacity of the statement.

However, the variability in the use of signs does not at all indicate their optionality, optionality: the desired meaning is fixed only by one punctuation option, another meaning requires a different design, and the only possible one.

It is also important to note that different meanings conveyed using different punctuation formats inevitably affect the structure of the text or a separate sentence.

It is impossible not to mention the importance of the intonation principle of punctuation. Modern punctuation has a large arsenal of means of reflecting intonation (placing a period at the site of a large decrease in voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonation dashes, ellipses). However, the intonation principle acts as a secondary principle and often does not operate in its pure form.

This means that any intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although fixed by a punctuation mark, is ultimately itself a consequence of the given semantic and structural division of the sentence.

Noting the role and importance of intonation when arranging punctuation marks, one cannot help but dwell on the question of the various functions of intonation in our speech. Intonation can act as a means of conveying semantic meanings, but can only convey the emotional qualities of speech. In the case when intonation conveys the semantic significance of speech, the intonation principle in the arrangement of signs is used as an accompaniment to the semantic one, superimposed on it, and thereby is reflected in the structure of the text. When intonation is an indicator only of the emotional coloring of speech, then the intonational principle operates, so to speak, in its pure form. Such intonation-based signs convey emotional tension, rapidity of speech, i.e. reflect her expressiveness, special expressiveness.

Intonations that convey the semantic significance of speech are socially fixed, they contain a large percentage of objectivity, they are reproducible and therefore amenable to description and inventory as certain types.

Intonations of a purely emotional nature in their particular manifestations are extremely subjective, and their recording in a written text with the help of signs is entirely connected with the individuality of the writer: I couldn’t walk for a long time; I couldn’t walk for a long time (D.E. Rosenthal).

So, we can say that the currently existing punctuation is systematically organized. According to N.S. Valgina, the firmness and stability of punctuation is determined by its structural principle, and the ability to convey the richness and variety of semantic shades and emotions is determined by the principles of semantic and intonation. So the impact of the text on the reader, given the unconditional talent of the writer, can become extremely strong.

Overall, punctuation is one of the most complex and significant language systems.

1.3 Flexibility of modern punctuation

It is generally accepted that the punctuation rules in force in the modern Russian language are, for the most part, optional. This is precisely what is considered the main property of punctuation, which makes it possible to achieve a high degree of accuracy and expressiveness in written speech [N.S. Valgina; D.E. Rosenthal]. There is no doubt that such a statement has a serious basis, since indeed certain punctuation marks are very often chosen depending on the specific tasks of organizing the content, and sometimes even the emotional and stylistic side of the text, i.e. Punctuation marks can vary when these tasks change and, therefore, the writer is free to use them.

Without questioning the very concept of optional signs, we would only like to clarify the content of this concept, determine for which unit of speech this concept exists, how wide the scope of its distribution is and how this concept is related to the action of punctuation.

The term “optional signs” is meaningfully polar to the term “mandatory signs”. If we talk about optionality and obligatoryness in relation to the operation of the principles of punctuation, then, apparently, it should be recognized that “structural” signs should be obligatory, and “semantic” and “intonation” signs should be optional, since they are individualized by the author’s use. However, “structural” signs are not always strictly obligatory, because the structural division of a sentence in a text, as well as semantic and intonation, is subject to the will of the writer.

Structural signs may not be purely structural. Since a new structure, possible with a given lexical content, gives a new meaning and a different intonation design, these signs can be optional. The concept of optionality, therefore, applies to punctuation marks based not only on semantic and intonation principles, but also on structural ones.

However, it is important not only to establish the ability of punctuation to be optional (this is well known), but also to determine the unit of text that is the object of the possible distribution of this property of punctuation. Optional signs can be found in individual statements taken from the text.

Reflecting on the optionality of punctuation in general, we can come to the conclusion that it exists only as a supra-textual concept used in teaching punctuation, when a separate sentence is chosen as the object of application of the rules for the placement of signs, when this sentence does not exist as a component of the text and is not considered from the point of view a given meaning and, thus, all possible options for its interpretation are revealed. At an early stage of learning, this is quite legitimate and useful. When analyzing the punctuation of a coherent text, the problem of optionality, as a rule, does not arise, since the choice of signs is based on specific semantic connections of a number of syntactic structures, united by a unity of thought, a general emotional-expressive orientation, and the author’s desire to convey the meaning as he perceives it.

With this understanding of the use of punctuation, the influence of context is taken into account, which is seen either in cases of resistance of lexical material, or without it, in the presence of a special author’s task (with possible options in the distribution of word connections). It would be more accurate to call the case of the so-called optional use of signs contextual, and the signs themselves – contextual, not optional.

The social essence of punctuation is revealed in the attachment of common functions and meanings to signs, in the stability and regularity of their reproduction.

But it is precisely the social significance of punctuation that conceals rich possibilities for the use of signs, taking into account their semantic and stylistic functions in the text.

So, we perceive the text according to the signs placed in it, because these signs are readable, they carry certain information known to us, therefore, they are burdened with meaning, and the meaning historically accumulated in the practice of printing. This meaning can have different degrees of generalization: with higher degrees of generalization we talk about the general functions of signs, with lower degrees we talk about specific meanings. For example, a sign performs the function of a meaning distinguisher when conveying the meanings of cause, effect, explanation, opposition, etc., in particular, signs in a non-union complex sentence; Expressive-stylistic functions appear in signs when they are emotionally loaded, i.e. when their basic meanings are complicated by additional ones associated with special stylistic tasks. The most generalized functions of signs are functions denoted in terms such as separating signs and separating signs. Regardless of the degree of generalization, any functions reflect the purpose of punctuation: punctuation marks fulfill their social purpose thanks to certain functions and meanings that are assigned to them.

Conclusions on the first chapter

1. Modern punctuation is a very complex and rich system. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is its systematic organization. Punctuation is fraught with great possibilities: it helps the writer in conveying not only thoughts, but also emotions. All this is possible thanks to the reflection in it of the systemic interaction of structural, semantic and intonation principles.

2. It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern punctuation, its flexibility, which allows expressing the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity. It expresses the relationship between form and content.

3. From the point of view of the basics of punctuation, the structural principle is recognized as the leading one, since most of the rules are based on it. The rules are built taking into account, first of all, the syntactic structure of speech, since it is here that the largest percentage of objectivity, so necessary for stable rules, is laid down. From the point of view of the purpose of punctuation, the leading principle is the semantic one, since the meaning is contained in a certain syntactic form, or the grammatical structure is subject to a given meaning. Syntactic units are created to convey thoughts and emotions. The combination of the three principles of punctuation becomes obvious.

4. The property of punctuation - to obey the context - gives it such a remarkable quality as flexibility, manifested in variability. Punctuation, when used creatively and competently, turns into a powerful semantic and stylistic tool.

In the second chapter we will talk about the specifics of the Russian punctuation system and trends in the rules and patterns of using basic punctuation marks.

II. Brief analysis of the Russian punctuation system

2.1 The comma as the main semantic-syntactic signal and the basic element of the modern punctuation system

The role of the comma as a semantic-syntactic signal is significant and very complex in most modern European-type languages.

L.I. Zilberman, G.I. Abramova also note that many distributional features in language, punctuation signals, and specifically the presence or absence of a comma as a sign of a certain syntactic structure or actual division of a sentence, are often not absolute, but probabilistic, frequency in nature, which, however, does not deprive them of significant methodological values ​​in teaching reading. The meaning of the value of studying the comma as a semantic-syntactic signal is that it is a powerful additional means of orientation in the syntactic and semantic structure of the Russian text [L.I. Zilberman, G.I. Abramov].

2.2 Similarities and differences in the system of rules and patterns of comma use in English and Russian

The system and functions of punctuation marks in the Russian language...

Let's start by looking at the comma in a simple sentence. It has been established that all kinds of isolated expressions are separated by commas. This is also explained by the specificity of such expressions.

Isolated members of the sentence form a syntagma separate from the element being defined, pronounced in lower tones than the other syntagmas in the sentence (in writing, this intonation design is usually marked with a comma). Segregation can be used for different purposes. Isolated members can denote additional accompanying features of certain concepts. An isolated element (usually placed at the beginning of a sentence) can also be correlated in meaning with the rest of the sentence.

The main types of isolated members of sentences in Russian are definitions, applications, circumstances.

A separate definition can refer to both a noun and a pronoun, expressing additional accompanying characteristics of a person or object.

A separate definition is characterized by correlation with a proper name, which is only in rare cases combined with a non-separate definition.

Application is a special type of postpositive isolated definition, expressed by a noun or substantivized phrase. The application gives a person or thing a different name. It is expressed by homogeneous nouns, as well as a noun with a prepositive or postpositive definition, which in turn can be expressed by an infinitive, a participial construction, a prepositional phrase, or even a whole subordinate clause:

The petitioner, staff captain Kalinina, asked for the impossible and stupid (L.N. Tolstoy).

The shepherd, a decrepit old man with one eye and a crooked mouth, walked with his head hanging (A.P. Chekhov).

Speaking about the isolation of circumstances in the Russian language, it should be noted that the same types are found in it as outside the isolation [L.S. Barkhudarov, D.A. Stehling; T.A. Barabash].

These, as you know, are circumstances of external conditions (time, cause, mode of action, accompanying phenomena), conditions, concessions, comparisons, expressed by conjunctions, adverbs and prepositional combinations:

Despite the passage of time, I still remembered my infant loneliness (I. Bunin).

Their one-year-old daughter remained there, in Grodno, near the war (K. Simonov).

In Russian, this construction is represented by an adverbial phrase, which is isolated to express circumstances:

Kasyan, throwing away his cigarette, walked briskly, putting on a dry shirt as he walked (E. Nosov).

Arriving in Glupov, the first thing they decided to do was take a walk (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

The comma plays a significant role in isolating the introductory members of a sentence - introductory words, phrases, introductory sentences. The introductory members of a sentence, as a rule, are isolated. They give additional characteristics to the content of the sentence, being modal, adjunctive or explanatory in nature. Various parts of speech and combinations of words are used as introductory members, such as: modal words, adverbs, prepositional combinations, infinitive and participial constructions:

It seemed as if the pond had fallen asleep. (I. Turgenev)

Apparently, this job was not easy for him. (V. Rasputin)

An independent participial phrase is always separated by a comma. In Russian, such phrases have equivalents in expanded subordinate clauses, in which the subject coincides with the subject of the main one:

An independent participial phrase can also stand at the end of a sentence, separated by a comma and playing the role of accompanying circumstances. [L.S. Barkhudarov, D.A. Stehling; T.M. Novitskaya, N.D. Kuchin]

In a complex sentence, parts can be connected to each other without the help of conjunctions or allied words. In a non-union connection, the elements of a complex sentence are separated by a comma and, often, a semicolon:

Accordingly, they are divided into subject, predicative, additional, attributive and adverbial sentences. In addition, the sentence may contain introductory clauses. Subject, predicative and additional clauses are treated as nominal clauses and are not separated by a comma from the main clause.

So, in general terms, we have summarized and analyzed the basic rules and patterns of using the comma. In the next part of the chapter we will pay attention to the main trends in the use of other punctuation marks.

2.3 Main trends in the use of punctuation marks: semicolon, colon, dash

Of the variety of punctuation marks that exist in modern language, in our work we will consider in detail the trends in the use of semicolons, colons and dashes. Of all the punctuation marks, the fate of the semicolon seems to be the most interesting. This sign, in the past extremely common and polysemantic, has now clearly consolidated its position in sentences with very common homogeneous members or complex sentences of a homogeneous composition (complex or non-union with enumerative relations). Semicolon is a sign whose functions were undifferentiated and unclearly delimited from the functions of other characters - comma, colon.

The activity of the semicolon was observed throughout the 19th century in the Russian language. So, for example, in classical Russian literature, the semicolon was often used in adversative and adjunctive relations, it conveyed the meaning of causes, consequences, clarification and explanatory, and was used before a construction of an additional intercalary nature:

Maybe Bazarov is right; but, I confess, one thing hurts me; I hoped now to become close and friendly with Arkady (I. Turgenev).

I called my servant; I called him Filka (I. Turgenev).

At present, observations show that the main tendency in the use of semicolons is the desire to narrow the scope of distribution to clearly defined positions: these are syntactic homogeneity, enumerative relations. This tendency is closely related to another - the liberation of the sign from the fixation of other meanings and, consequently, functional convergence with the comma. At the same time, and at the same time, there is also a tendency to differentiate the functions of semicolons and commas: punctuation as a whole and its elements strive for clarity in fixing meanings. In this regard, the semicolon seems to increase its qualitative differences from the comma and strengthens its semantic-distinguishing properties.

A semicolon, in comparison with a comma, separates syntactically equal parts that are less closely related in meaning. The functional difference between a comma and a semicolon is clearly manifested at the junction of a complex sentence: in the first case (there is a comma), the parts are closely related in meaning, they are united by a description of the same object; in the second (semicolon) - a transition to the characteristics of new objects is planned. In particularly complicated sentences, semicolons define large, basic parts, while commas signal the internal division of these parts. In this case, semicolons help clearly define the boundaries of the main parts and thereby reveal their structural significance.

Semicolons most often stand at the junction of parts of a complex sentence, but they can, with a certain complexity of the sentence, be used between homogeneous members of a simple sentence.

Here is an example of placing a semicolon at the junction of parts of a complex sentence:

The gray strip of road went away from the river into the depths of the steppe; she was somehow mercilessly direct, dry and depressing (M. Gorky).

If commas were used, this junction would not be immediately visible, since within each part there are already or may be commas placed on a different basis. This use of the semicolon is now the most typical.

A rarer case is the differentiation of homogeneous members of a sentence using this sign. By the way, as a rule, these are predicates, complicated by various additional members and circumstances dependent on them, which, in turn, are explained by all sorts of separate groups of words. Such sentences are structurally very close to complex ones and sometimes represent transitional constructions from simple to complex: the predicates here are either homogeneous with a common subject, or independently used with subjects omitted due to conditions and context. A semicolon in such cases facilitates the perception of thought and unites logically related details.

It should be noted that the interchangeability of a comma and a semicolon is quite possible, but is by no means absolute, since the functions of these signs, despite their formal similarity, also contain quite noticeable differences. A semicolon is a sign of more limited use than a comma. A certain pattern can be identified: where there is a semicolon, you can always put a comma (of course, such a sign may be less expressive, but quite acceptable), but not every comma can be replaced by a semicolon.

In general, the semicolon is currently a fairly definite sign and limited in terms of the conditions of its use (limitation is understood here as a small set of syntactic conditions for the functioning of the sign). The semicolon has lost a number of positions, dissociating itself from other characters (colon, comma). According to its purpose in speech, a semicolon stands as if between a comma and a full stop, especially from the point of view of reflecting intonation - the sign denotes a pause of medium duration. However, such a purely quantitative difference is a fading phenomenon; trends in the use of semicolons show an increase in the sign of semantic indicators, i.e. qualitative changes. The sign is increasingly used as a fixator of semantic breaks in the text; it separates parts of sentences that are thematically distant from each other, and helps to redistribute the semantic and grammatical connections of words.

A semicolon placed in one place or another gives the sentence a single reading, while a comma allows for different interpretations. In other cases, a semicolon can help avoid a logical or semantic error. All this confirms the importance and significance of the semicolon in the modern punctuation system [N.S. Valgina]

A semicolon is used to separate common homogeneous members of a sentence, if there is a comma inside one, they are preceded by a generalizing word with a colon, if homogeneous members of a sentence are separated into separate clauses.

2.3.1 Specifics of the use of colons in Russian.

Another important and rather complex punctuation mark is the colon. N.S. Valgina emphasizes that the modern use of the colon in the Russian language is characterized by an explanatory function. The colon warns of such an explanation.

The explanatory function is represented by the following meanings: causality, justification, disclosure of content, specification of the general concept.

Causality and the meaning of justification are conveyed using a colon in non-union complex sentences; it is the colon that signals the following semantic relationships between the parts of the sentence:

It was impossible to set such an example for Razmetnov: he himself is a widow, he has only one old mother (M. Sholokhov).

Ignatievna treated young children for hunger: she gave them mushroom tincture half and half with sweet grass, and the children calmed down peacefully with dry foam on their lips (A. Platonov).

Explanatory relationships are emphasized in the following examples:

Varvara listened: she heard the noise of the evening train (A. Chekhov).

Ilka has long known: this nickname follows his fellow villagers like a black shadow (V. Astafiev).

Using a colon, the general meaning of the word is specified:

With the second fist, the matter is clear: the hundred and seventh article is on him, and that’s it (M. Sholokhov).

The specification of the meaning of a general concept is fixed by a colon in sentences with generalizing words:

Strangers now live and spend the night in these small apartments: workers of foreign institutions, soldiers and commanders of Red Army units (A. Fadeev).

On winter evenings, he sometimes made unnecessary things: towers made of wire, ships made of roofing iron, paper airships, etc. - solely for his own pleasure (A. Platonov).

The function of the colon in sentences when combining someone else’s and the author’s speech is close to the explanatory function. A colon is placed after words introducing direct speech (verbs said, thought, objected, exclaimed, etc.).

Punctuation marks in the modern Russian language, differing in their functions, purpose, and place of their placement in a sentence, enter into a certain hierarchical dependence.
Depending on the placement in a sentence, punctuation marks are distinguished between the end and middle of a sentence - final and internal marks. All separating terminal marks - period, question and exclamation marks, ellipses - have greater force than internal marks.
The so-called internal punctuation marks - semicolon, comma, dash, colon, parentheses - are heterogeneous in their use. The most “strong”, hierarchically senior separating punctuation mark within a sentence is the semicolon. This sign, designating the boundaries of homogeneous members of a sentence or predicative parts in a complex sentence, is capable of conveying a meaningful pause in oral speech. The other four internal punctuation marks (comma, dash, colon, parentheses) differ in their informative load, functional range, and duration of pauses when “reading” them. The hierarchy of their pause values ​​begins with a comma and ends with parentheses.
The difference in content between the four internal punctuation marks under consideration is expressed, on the one hand, in the different volume of information load and, on the other, in the different degrees of specificity of the meanings that they can record in writing. Of these signs, the comma is the most polysemantic, the dash is somewhat narrower in meaning, the colon is noticeably narrower, and the most concrete sign in terms of content is the parentheses. Consequently, the least degree of specificity of meaning is inherent in the comma and the greatest in parentheses. Thus, the hierarchy of increasing the degree of specificity of the meanings of the indicated four punctuation marks corresponds to the noted hierarchy of pausal values ​​and the hierarchy of their functional range.
Based on the hierarchical dependence of punctuation marks, the features of their compatibility when found in a sentence are established. In some cases, punctuation marks are combined when they meet, in others, a sign of lesser strength is absorbed by a stronger sign.
One of the two elements of a paired, separating sign may occur with a separating sign or with an element of another paired sign. An encounter with a separating sign is usually observed if the construction being distinguished is at the beginning or end of a sentence (the predicative part of a complex sentence) or on the border with homogeneous members. The meeting of elements of distinguishing marks occurs in cases where one distinguished syntactic construction follows another distinguished construction, for example, an isolated member, or a comparative phrase, or a participial part after another isolated member, a subordinate clause after another isolated member, a subordinate clause, an introductory or insertive design, etc.
Only a comma or a dash can be absorbed as part of a paired, highlighting sign. They are always absorbed by a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an ellipsis, a semicolon, a subsequent closing parenthesis, or subsequent closing quotation marks as marks of greater meaning. Symbols of the same name are also absorbed by one another: a comma by a comma, a dash by another dash, a closing bracket or quotation marks by another closing bracket or quotation marks.
When a comma and a dash meet, different punctuation options are possible: these signs can be combined as equal in strength, or one of these signs can be absorbed by the other.
The main three types of functions of punctuation marks: I. Grammatical (syntactic, formal, structural):

1. Excretory (eg, highlighting complicating constructions in the structure of a simple sentence, etc.).
2. Discriminating (for example, when distinguishing homogeneous members of a sentence, main and subordinate parts in a complex sentence).
3. Switch-off function (isolating) (e.g. use of brackets in plug-in structures)
4. Ascertaining (qualifying) (for example, an exclamation mark indicates that we have an incentive, exclamatory sentence).

1. Semantic:

1. Indicate the grammatical meaning of the sentence (for example, a comma between parts of the joint venture for enumeration relations)
2. Express the nature of the thought (for example, ending characters - period, exclamation mark, question mark, etc.).
3. Express additional information (for example, parentheses when inserting constructions, the use of quotation marks when using foreign words, words in a figurative meaning).
4. They focus on the special meaning of parts of the text highlighted with punctuation marks (for example, the use of parentheses in inserted constructions).

1. Intonation: require a certain intonation.

Any punctuation mark performs three types of functions simultaneously in a sentence.
Table 28.
Characteristics of punctuation marks

№	Sign	Grammatical functions	Semantic functions	Intonation functions
1.	Final (dot)	Punctuation marks
		1. Delimitative, separates sentences within the text 2. Conclusive, indicates the end not of any sentence, but only of a narrative non-exclamatory one.	Indicates that the sentence contains a communication. The point requires a calm perception of the content of the text.	The period requires a calm reading of the text. The period requires a decrease in intonation.
2.	! (Exclamation point)	1. Delimitative, separates sentences within the text 2. Conclusive, indicates the end not of any sentence, but only of an incentive exclamation	Indicates completeness of thought. Indicates that the sentence contains some kind of incentive. The exclamation point requires an emotional perception of the content of the text.	The exclamation mark requires special intonation expression when reading a sentence. An exclamation mark requires a higher intonation.
3.	? (question mark)	1.Delimitative, separates sentences within the text 2.Control, indicates the end not of any sentence, but only of the sentence	Indicates completeness of thought. Indicates that the sentence contains a question	1. The question mark requires intonation that is especially emphasized on the rheme

		niya, which contains the question.	about anything. 3. The question mark requires attention when perceiving the essence of the question.	2. The question mark requires strengthening the intonation pattern of the sentence
4.	Domestic (semicolon)	1.Delimitative, separates predicative parts within a complex sentence. 2. Ascertaining, indicates the complexity or greater prevalence of predicative parts of a complex sentence	Indicates that enumerative relations are established between the parts of a complex sentence	Indicates enumerative intonation
5.	, (comma)	1.Delimitative, separates the predicative parts within the SP, between the OCP. 2. Excretory (for example, highlighting complicating constructions in the structure of a simple sentence). The most multifunctional sign in the Russian language.	Indicates incompleteness of thought. Indicates that a certain type of relationship is established between the parts of a complex sentence or members of a sentence (in each case its own)	Requires a moderate pause. Indicates intonation depending on the type of syntactic relationship between components.
6.	colon	.Stateful, indicates that we have before us either a BSP, or a generalizing word for OCHP, or KsPR .Differentiating, separates the predicative	Indicates that in the future there will be an explanation, a disclosure of what was said in	Requires a longer pause than before a comma. Indicates that the following narration

		ny parts within BSP, SA and PR, generalizing word and OCP	the previous part of the sentence	must be accompanied by rhematic intonation
7.	(dash)	1. Separating between the parts of the joint venture, between the subject and the predicate, etc. Excretory (with inserted structures) Indicates the omission of sentence members. Like the comma, it is a multifunctional sign.	To convey the expressiveness of speech.	Indicates a pause
8.	() (brackets)	1. Switching function (isolating) (eg use of brackets for plug-in structures). 2. Ascertaining (qualifying) (brackets are used only with plug-in constructions)	Indicate the secondary importance of the information contained in them)	The intonation of inclusion is characteristic - a pause and a quick reading of the insert.
9.	(ellipses)	Indicates a quotation omission	Indicates agitation and intermittent speech. Indicates a large subtext (lyrical ellipsis).	Hyperpause
10.	« » (quotes)	1. Statement (qualification) (eg, in KsPR). 2. Emphasis (for example, highlighting direct speech in KSPR)	1. They indicate the foreignness and unusualness of the components contained in them.	Accentual reading of the construction contained in them

Punctuation marks are of an international nature, since the same punctuation with minor differences is adopted in other languages ​​based on the Latin and Russian alphabets.
Thus, punctuation marks make it possible to express in writing much more than can be written down in letters. The fact of such “wordless” correspondence is known. The French writer Victor Hugo, having completed the novel Les Misérables, sent the book manuscript to the publisher. He attached a letter to the manuscript, in which there was not a single word, but only the sign: “?” The publisher also responded with a letter without words: “!”
Words written down on paper cannot express everything that is contained in living human speech, which is conveyed by intonation, rate of speech, gestures and facial expressions. However, the writer and reader have at their disposal not only words, but also additional means - punctuation marks. They help to more fully and accurately express the meaning of written speech. “Signs are placed according to the power of the mind,” wrote the founder of Russian grammar M.V. Lomonosov.

More on the topic The system of punctuation marks in modern Russian. Basic functions of punctuation marks. Positions of punctuation marks. Single, double and complex punctuation marks. Specifics of using punctuation marks:

Deryabina Angelina Andreevna, Popovich Olga Sergeevna

With our research we want to show that punctuation is a complex but necessary science, that in the Russian language there is a whole system of punctuation marks that has evolved over centuries, and each sign plays a certain role, therefore without this knowledge it is impossible to become a literate person.

The object of the study is a branch of the science of language - punctuation, and the subject of the study is punctuation marks. In the process of work, we used the following research methods: analysis of literary sources on the research problem, methods of synthesis, comparison and generalization of information, questioning.

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federal government vocational educational institution

"Kungur technical boarding school"

Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation

Research work

Punctuation meaning

in modern Russian

Performed by students of group B-11-16

Specialty 38.02.01 “Economics and

Accounting (by industry)"

Deryabina Angelina Andreevna and

Popovich Olga Sergeevna

Head: teacher

Elkina Evgenia Igorevna

Sadoyagodnoe village

2017

Introduction

“Dot, dot, comma - A crooked face came out...” - as it was sung in the ever-memorable cheerful song authored by Yuli Kim. Oh, how many spears have been and will be broken in frantic battles between students and teachers over these notorious punctuation marks - periods, commas, dashes, exclamation and question marks, colons and ellipsis... But without these subtle helpers, sentences and phrases are read completely differently, they look faceless and lean. Punctuation marks express more than just letters. So there is no way to do without punctuation in written speech.

However, more and more often we have to witness that modern people neglect the rules of punctuation, even the simplest ones. If in official speech more or less literate people use punctuation marks, then in casual written communication, as a rule, they do not. Perhaps to some this problem will seem insignificant and unimportant. But, in our opinion, this process creates a serious threat to the purity of the Russian language and its greatness.

Here's what one parable says:

First, the man lost his comma and began to be afraid of complex sentences. I was looking for a simpler phrase. Simple phrases were followed by simple thoughts. Then he lost the exclamation mark and began to speak quietly, with one intonation. Nothing pleased or outraged him anymore; he treated everything without emotion. Then he lost the question mark and stopped asking any questions. No events aroused his curiosity, no matter where they happened - in space, on Earth, or even in his own apartment. A couple of years later he lost his colon and stopped explaining his actions to people. By the end of his life, he only had quotation marks left. He didn’t express a single idea of ​​his own, he quoted someone all the time - so he completely forgot how to think and reached a point.

We gave this example with a grain of humor, of course, but there is some truth in every joke; after all, changes in the placement of punctuation marks lead to a distortion of the understanding of the author's text. What if there really comes a turning point in the development of the Russian language, when people forget how to accurately convey their thoughts and feelings.

Based on this, we set ourselves a goal: to substantiate the importance of using punctuation marks in writing.

In this regard, we were interested in the following questions:

When did punctuation appear? Were there periods in the history of writing when people did without them?

How has the use of punctuation changed over time? Was the understanding of the text of the works distorted based on the period in which it was published (for the study we took the story “The Nose” by N.V. Gogol, published in 1889 and 1984).

Do modern youth often use punctuation marks?

To achieve the goal of the work, the following tasks were set:

1. Get acquainted with the history of punctuation marks;
2. Research the literature in order to find out what punctuation marks exist in the modern Russian language and what functions they perform;
3. Conduct a survey among technical school students regarding their attitude to punctuation marks and knowledge about them;
4. Identify and analyze punctuation differences in the texts of works published at different stages of the formation of Russian punctuation.

With our research we want to show that punctuation is a complex but necessary science, that in the Russian language there is a whole system of punctuation marks that has evolved over centuries, and each sign plays a certain role, therefore without this knowledge it is impossible to become a literate person.

The object of the study is a branch of the science of language - punctuation, and the subject of the study is punctuation marks. In the process of work, we used the following research methods: analysis of literary sources on the research problem, methods of synthesis, comparison and generalization of information, questioning.

Chapter 1. The formation of Russian punctuation. Modern punctuation, functions of punctuation marks

1. The formation of Russian punctuation

At the beginning of our study, it makes sense to turn to the etymology of the word “punctuation”. Translated from Latin"punctus" means "point" , so it was this summary sign that gave the name to the whole system that developed over many years.

The first punctuation marks were described as early as the 5th century BC by the playwright Euripides, who marked the change of speaker with a pointed sign, possibly derived from the Greek letter lambda (

In the 15th century, the signs of pauses, inhalation and changes in intonation came into use (mainly periods, semicolons and colons were used). In the first edition of Shakespeare (early 17th century), question marks and exclamation marks were already present. Note that until the mid-17th century, punctuation meant the use of dots near consonants, indicating vowel sounds in Hebrew text. Writing characters in Latin text is called dotting. But already in the 17th century, the word “punctuation” acquired its modern meaning, denoting a system of punctuation marks in the writing of a language, as well as the rules for their placement in written speech. And by the end of the 17th century, quotation marks also appeared in English punctuation.

Now let's turn to Old Russian writing.In Ancient Rus', chroniclers did not use any punctuation marks. And the texts looked something like this: “The absurdities of the brothers and the ten-old words of the difficult stories of opalku and grief and grief of Svyatoslavlich.” This made it very difficult to read and then translate, since the text was written without spaces, punctuation marks and in a line. Question marks, parentheses, and colons gradually come into use. The introduction of printing was of great importance for the development of punctuation. The placement of punctuation marks in printed works was primarily the work of typographical craftsmen, who often did not take into account what the author's handwritten text represented in terms of punctuation. But this does not mean that authors, especially writers and poets, did not have any influence on the formation of the Russian punctuation system. On the contrary, their role in this regard has become increasingly stronger over time, and modern Russian punctuation should be considered as the result of a long and complex interaction of the punctuation system that was established in a number of European languages ​​(including Russian) after the introduction of printing, and those methods of using signs that were developed by the best masters of Russian literary speech over a long period starting from the 18th century. Until now.

Russian punctuation, unlike spelling, developed relatively late, by the beginning of the 19th century, and in its main features is similar to the punctuation of other European languages.

Formed in its main features by the 18th century. The system of punctuation marks also required the development of certain rules for their use. Back in the 16th–17th centuries. the first attempts were observed to theoretically comprehend the placement of punctuation marks that existed at that time (Maxim the Greek, Lavrenty Zizaniy, Melety Smotritsky). The beginning of the scientific development of Russian punctuation was laid by M. V. Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar”. The rules of punctuation were very thoroughly set out by the student of M.V. Lomonosov, professor of Moscow University A.A. Barsov, in his grammar, which, unfortunately, was not published, but came to us in handwritten form.

Period without punctuation. The main sign is a dot, since the Russian punctuation system at the beginning of its development was guided by the Greek one. The dots were placed arbitrarily, since the texts were written for quite a long time without dividing into words and sentences. It could be one point (at the bottom, top or middle of the line) or a combination of them in different versions. There were no rules. The meaning of the statement served as a guide, and dots were placed to highlight semantic parts. In addition to dots, in ancient Russian texts there were lines at the bottom of the line (_), serpents (~), as well as various combinations of lines and dots.

The formation of the punctuation system took place in several stages:

1. M. Greek (XVI century) in his work “On the literacy of Monk Maximus the Greek of the Holy Mountain declared for subtlety”, he designated such signs as a period, subdiastole - comma, subdiastole with a dot - semicolon. The dot was supposed to indicate the end of the statement, the subdiastole was supposed to give the speaker a break when reading, the sign subdiastole with a dot was recommended to indicate a question.

2. Lavrentiy Zizaniy (“Grammar of Slovensk...”, 1596) described six punctuation marks - comma (,), term (е), double term (:), subtitle (;), connective (-), period. In determining the functions of punctuation marks, L. Zizaniem lays down a semantic principle: completeness or incompleteness of a statement. The dot is at the end of a complete whole. It is recommended to use comma, term and double as separators in the middle of a sentence. The under-tables are a sign of expressing interrogative intonation. Connective - a sign of word transfer.

3. Meletiy Smotritsky in the work “Grammar of Meletiy Smotritsky” of 1648, identifies ten “lowercase punctuations” - bar (/), comma (,), colon (:), dot (.), disjointed, unitary (-), interrogative (;), amazing (!), roomy, turn-down (). The names of punctuation marks are somewhat different than those of L. Zizania.

The use of “lowercase punctuation” by M. Smotritsky is based on the intonation principle, taking into account the meaning of the statement. So, a trait is a short rest when reading; a comma allows the speaker to pause longer; a colon is used when not the whole thought is expressed, but only part of it, but the parts of the sentence are more independent than when separated by a comma; A period is placed at the end of a complete statement, a question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative statement; disjointed and united are signs of transference.

M. Smotritsky, for the first time in the history of Russian punctuation, identified three new signs: surprising, turn-down and place-holder, clearly defining their functions. Surprising - at the end of a sentence pronounced with a special (exclamatory) intonation; auxiliary – includes a less independent part of the sentence; deferred - one that can be completely removed from the sentence.

4. The next serious stage in the development of Russian punctuation is associated with the name of V.K. Trediakovsky. In 1748, in St. Petersburg, his rather voluminous (460 sheets) work, known to this day, “A conversation between a foreigner and a Russian about ancient and new orthography and about everything that belongs to this matter,” was published. It is V.K. Trediakovsky who is credited with formulating the rules for using signs from the point of view of syntactic features; he established individual cases of the use of signs, taking into account the structure of a simple or complex sentence, with examples of argumentation for each position. In addition, V.K. Trediakovsky introduced a question mark into his text (however, we find a description of its function in M.V. Lomonosov’s “Russian Grammar”) and introduced the use of the semicolon in the modern sense - no longer at the end of interrogative sentences, but to separate parts of a complex sentence and (sometimes) when addressing.

5. M.V. Lomonosov in his work “Russian Grammar”, 1755 describes the exclamation mark, question mark, parentheses, period, comma, semicolon, colon, hyphen. M.V. Lomonosov does not introduce new signs, but defines the basic principle of their use: taking into account not only the meaning of the sentence, but also the arrangement of parts, and the meaning of conjunctions, which serve “to pair and relate concepts.” Thus, in punctuation M.V. Lomonosov affirms two closely interrelated principles: semantic and syntactic.

Quotation marks appeared in the 17th century. ‘Kovychka’ – “hook sign”.

6. The greatest merit in streamlining Russian punctuation in the 19th century. belongs to academician J. K. Grot, whose book “Russian Spelling” - the result of many years of research into the history and principles of Russian writing - became the first academic set of spelling and punctuation rules in Russia and went through 20 editions until 1917.

Further development of the punctuation system is aimed at a more detailed development of its foundations in different directions: logical (semantic), grammatical (syntactic) and intonation. We will describe in more detail about the formation of modern punctuation and its differences from the punctuation of the pre-revolutionary period in the practical part of the study.

To summarize the paragraph, we note that punctuation marks arose from the need to divide written text into independent segments (with a greater or lesser degree of independence) in accordance with the semantic structure of the statement. The first punctuation marks indicated pauses of varying lengths; With the development of writing and the spread of printing, the system of punctuation marks became more complex and deepened until it reached a state that is preserved in its basic features in modern European languages.

1. Modern punctuation, functions of punctuation marks

For a more accurate and clear understanding of the importance of punctuation marks, in this section we will consider each of the punctuation marks that exist in modern speech, in particular: what function it performs and in what cases it is used in writing.

There are 10 punctuation marks in written Russian text: period, comma, semicolon, colon, ellipsis, question mark, exclamation point, dash, parentheses, quotation marks. The study of punctuation is a branch of the science of language in which the system of punctuation marks and the rules for their placement are studied.

They perform 3 different functions: separating, excretory, finishing.

The final function is performed by exclamation and question marks, a period and an ellipsis. An exclamation mark on a letter is usually placed when we say something loudly, with excitement, express surprise, admiration, pleasure, anger, indignation, contempt, joy, pride, etc. A question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence. The period helps to highlight in writing that the thought is complete. And the ellipsis shows that the author is keeping something silent and gives the reader the opportunity to think.

The comma performs 2 functions: emphasizing, for example, it highlights the address; and dividing: with homogeneous members of the sentence, in a complex sentence and with direct speech standing before the words of the author.

Separators include: semicolon, colon, dash. For example, at school we studied the topic “Dash between subject and predicate.” For example, if the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case, then a dash is placed between them, and then it performs a dividing function.

Double characters can be emphatic: a comma (two commas), a dash (two dashes), double parentheses, a colon and a dash used together, double quotation marks. The quotation mark marks direct speech, and with their help we recognize proper names, namely: the names of films, newspapers, magazines, stories, novels, poems, etc., because they are written in quotation marks.

The semantic role of punctuation marks is so great that sometimes they are even used instead of words.

So, when reading a text, we often mark incomprehensible or dubious places in the margins with a question mark (?), and those parts of the text that cause special delight and joy with an exclamation mark (!).

Punctuation marks can be used instead of whole sentences. Here's a historical fact. On the day of the publication of his new book, the French writer Victor Hugo, wanting to know how the sale was going, sent the publisher a postcard with only a question mark: “?”. The publisher did not lose face and answered briefly: “!”

A period (.) is a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. In modern Russian written speech, a period is placed at the end of a narrative or incentive sentence: “It was evening. The sky was darkening. The waters flowed quietly" (Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"). A period is used when writing words in abbreviations (for example: etc., etc.); and there is no period in abbreviations.

A question mark (?) is a punctuation mark used to express a question. In modern Russian written speech, a question mark is placed:
- at the end of an interrogative sentence, including after incomplete interrogative sentences following one after another: “Who are you? Alive? Dead? (A. Blok, “Poems about a Beautiful Lady”);

In interrogative sentences with homogeneous members after each homogeneous member in order to dissect the question: “What do I care about whom? before them? to the whole universe? (Griboedov “Woe from Wit”).

Exclamation mark (!) – a punctuation mark used to express an exclamation. In modern Russian written speech, an exclamation mark is placed:

At the end of the exclamatory sentence: “Long live the revolution, joyful and speedy!” (Mayakovsky, poem “V.I. Lenin”);

In exclamatory sentences with homogeneous members after each homogeneous member to indicate emotional intermittency of speech: “I rejected everything: laws! conscience! faith!” (Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”);

After words pronounced with an exclamatory intonation - sentences, addresses, interjections, standing at the beginning (in poetic speech - and in the middle) of a sentence or used independently: “Old man! I heard many times that you saved me from death” (Lermontov “Mtsyri”);

In parentheses inside or after a quotation to express the author’s attitude (irony, indignation, etc.) to the quoted text.

A comma (,) is a punctuation mark used to separate or highlight words, groups of words and simple sentences within a complex sentence. The appearance of the comma in the monuments of Russian writing dates back to the 15th century. In modern Russian written speech, the comma is the most common punctuation mark, acting in a separating function (one comma) or in an excretory function (paired punctuation mark - two commas). The comma is used:

Between homogeneous members of a sentence (connected without conjunctions, repeated or paired conjunctions, non-repeating conjunctions with an adversative or concessive meaning) and between repeated words: “I will put the mind, not the genus, as a governor.” (Pushkin “Boris Godunov”); “Winter was waiting, nature was waiting” (Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”);

Between simple sentences that are part of a complex non-union or compound sentence: “The sun set behind the mountains, but it was still light” (Lermontov, poem “Demon”);

Between the main and subordinate clauses (or to highlight the subordinate clause on both sides), between subordinate clauses: “Go along the free road, where your free mind takes you” (Pushkin, poem “To the Poet”);

To separate or highlight isolated members of a sentence, with words or groups of words that limit or clarify other words in a sentence: “In the distance, closer to the grove, axes sounded dully” (Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”);

In comparative terms: “like a storm, death carries away the groom” (Pushkin “Boris Godunov”);

To separate or highlight words that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence (introductory words, addresses, interjections, affirmative, negative and question words): “With his eyes, it seems, he would like to eat everyone” (Krylov, fable “The Wolf in the Kennel”).

Semicolon (;) is a punctuation mark used in a complex and, less often, in a simple sentence to separate its relatively independent parts.First introduced by the Italian printer Aldus Manutius in 1449, who used it to separate opposite words and independent parts of compound sentences. Shakespeare already used (;) in his sonnets. In Church Slavonic, the semicolon played the role of a question mark: “And Esau said: Behold, I am going to die, and this is my primacy.” - “Esau said: Behold, I am dying, what is this birthright to me?”

In modern Russian writing, a semicolon is used:

In complex non-conjunct and compound sentences, if their parts are significantly common and contain commas, for example: “The pale gray sky became lighter, colder, bluer; the stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared; The earth became damp, the leaves began to sweat” (Turgenev “Bezhin Meadow”). “Almost every evening later they went somewhere out of town, to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time” (Chekhov’s “Lady with a Dog”);

In a simple sentence between homogeneous members of the sentence, if they are significantly common and contain commas, for example: “In the darkness, the same unclear objects were vaguely imagined: at some distance a black wall, the same moving spots; next to me is the croup of a horse, which, wagging its tail, spread its legs wide: its back is in a white Circassian coat” (L.N. Tolstoy, collected works, story “The Raid”).

Colon (:) is a punctuation mark in the form of two dots located one below the other, used in a simple sentence and in a non-union complex sentence. These signs were originally used to separate words or larger sections of text from each other. In modern Russian writing, a semicolon is used:

Before listing, if it is preceded by a generalizing word or words, for example, somehow, namely, for example: “Large fish fight with a sharp edge, such as: pike, catfish, asp, pike-perch” (Aksakov, “Notes of a gun hunter of the Orenburg province” , stories and memories of a hunter about different hunts. “Hunting with a sharp edge”);

In a complex non-union sentence, if the second part reveals the content of the first part, complements the first or indicates the reason for what is said in the first part, for example: “Here a rather interesting picture opened up: a wide hut, with which the roof rested on two sooty pillars, was full people" (Lermontov "Hero of Our Time");

Dash – (French tiret, from tirer – to pull) – a punctuation mark in the form of a horizontal bar (-), used in simple and complex sentences. Introduced into use by the Russian writer and historian N.M. Karamzin. In modern Russian written speech, a dash is placed:

Between subject and predicate: “Lgov is a large steppe village” (Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”);

Before the generalizing word, standing after homogeneous members: “Hope and the swimmer - the whole sea swallowed up” (Krylov, works in 2 volumes, “An Old Man and Three Young People”);

Before a separate application, usually at the end of a sentence: “I had a cast-iron teapot with me - my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus” (Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”);

Between the members of a sentence to express surprise or opposition: “I wanted to travel around the whole world - and did not travel a hundredth part” (Griboedov “Woe from Wit”);

In a complex sentence without a union to indicate a rapid change of events, to express a sharp contrast, to express temporary, conditional and other relations: “Ignat pulled the trigger - the gun misfired” (Chekhov’s “White-fronted”);

Between remarks in a dialogue given without a paragraph, or at the beginning of remarks given with a paragraph;

To indicate the breakdown of a simple sentence into verbal groups, which often happens when one member of the sentence is omitted: “I’m asking you: do workers need to be paid?” (Chekhov “Ivanov”); “Everything is obedient to me, but I obey nothing” (Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”);

After a direct speech before the author’s words: ““What, this is boring!” - I exclaimed involuntarily” (Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”).

A double dash (a paired punctuation mark serving an emphatic function) is used to highlight:
- introductory and inserted sentences and constructions: “There is nothing to do here - friends kissed” (Krylov, fable “Two Doves”);
- a common application, standing after the word being defined to emphasize the independent meaning of this application: “In front of the doors of the club - a wide log house - workers with banners were waiting for guests” (Fedin, novel “An Extraordinary Summer”);
- the author’s words inside direct speech: “My name is Foma,” he answered, “and my nickname is Biryuk” (Turgenev “Biryuk” (1852). From the series “Notes of a Hunter”).
An ellipsis is a punctuation mark in the form of three adjacent dots, used to indicate the incompleteness or interruption of a statement, as well as omissions in the text. It was first indicated in the grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov (1831) under the name “preventive sign”.

Ellipsis is used:
- to indicate incompleteness or a break in a statement caused by the speaker’s excitement or an unexpected transition to another thought, as well as to indicate a pause emphasizing the text that follows it:“Receiving no answer, Dunya raised her head and fell onto the carpet screaming...”(Pushkin, prose, “The Station Agent”);

When quoting (before the beginning of the quotation, in the middle or after it) to indicate that part of the quoted text is missing. To distinguish an omission in a quotation from an author's ellipsis, some special editions use a special technique: in the case of an omission, not three, but two dots are placed side by side.
Punctuation is very complex, but such an important science. With the information reflected in this paragraph, we wanted to show that every person needs to know and correctly use punctuation marks in order to be able to correctly and accurately express their thoughts, feelings, and emotions.

Chapter 2. Study of punctuation differences between texts of the pre-revolutionary period and the modern punctuation system

To be more convincing in the justificationsignificance of punctuation marks,Let us consider the process of streamlining punctuation rules from the beginning of the 19th century to the modern period using the example of a study of written sources. This will give us the opportunity to prove thatchanges in the spelling of the Russian language, including the rules for placing punctuation marks, were reflected in the works created before and influenced the reader’s understanding.

Introduction to the practice of using punctuation marks inhandwritten texts of the largest Russian writers of the late 18th and firsthalf of the 19th century convinces us that created by M.V. LomonosovAlthough the rules of punctuation were accepted by the authors of grammars, both theoretical and educational, they were not considered strictly mandatory andwere not fully complied with. Writers used those punctuation marks thatseemed to them absolutely necessary to designate in some casescertain shades of meaning (subjective author’s punctuation), infor all other characters they relied on editors andprinting workers who relied on normative aspectspunctuation. Of course, this attitude of writers towards punctuation was reflected in printed publications, creating difficulties when reading.

In 1904, a spelling commission was formed at the Academy of Sciences, which prepared and in 1912 published a draft reform of Russian spelling. The new spelling reform was approved under Soviet rule by government decrees of 1917-1918. This reform resolved the main issues of streamlining and simplifying Russian spelling. The new spelling rules, approved in 1918, remained in effect until the end of the 20th century. In 1956, for the first time, a single set of “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation”, mandatory for everyone, was published, prepared by a group of the country's largest linguists. The need to unify the rules of spelling and punctuation was caused by the fact that the reform of 1917-1918, while resolving the main issues of simplifying Russian writing, did not eliminate inconsistencies in the entire system.

Let's look more specifically at exactly what changes were made to the punctuation system in 1918 compared to the pre-revolutionary period. To do this, using the example of a written source, we will analyze the differences and determine whether the above differences affect the reader’s understanding of the meaning of what was read. To do this, we will analyze the text of the story by N.V. Gogol's "Nose" 1889 and 1984 editions (Appendix 1, 2).

Table No. 1.

Year of publication 1889	1984 edition
The ellipsis was indicated by four dots: Ivan Yakovlevich turned pale….	An ellipsis is indicated by three dots: Ivan Yakovlevich turned pale…
The quotation marks were written differently - not as in modern writing, but with a 180° turn.
Direct speech was written in quotation marks; if it is broken by the words of the author, then both parts of it are limited by quotation marks on both sides. A comma is placed between direct speech and the words of the author, a dash is not. After the author's words, a colon is placed before direct speech. „ Today I, Praskovya Osipovna, will not drink coffee“ , said Ivan Yakovlevich: “But instead I want to eat hot bread with onions“ . „ Dense! “ he said to himself: “What would that be?”“ „ “ she screamed with anger.„ Scammer! drunkard! I I'll report you to the police myself. What a robber! I’ve heard from three people that when you shave, you pull your noses so hard that you can barely hold on“ .	If direct speech occurs at the beginning of a sentence, it is written on a new line, limited on both sides by a dash, preceded by a comma, question mark or exclamation mark: - Today I, Praskovya Osipovna, will not drink coffee,- said Ivan Yakovlevich, - but instead I want to eat hot bread with onions. "Dense! - he said to himself, - what would it be?» - Where are you, beast, you cut off your nose?- she screamed with anger. - Scammer! drunkard! I I'll report you to the police myself. What a robber! I’ve heard from three people that when you shave, you pull your noses so hard that you can barely hold on.
Combinations with “would”, “whether” and “whether” were written with a hyphen: “as if”, “do you know”, “what”; "where". They also wrote a hyphen in the combinations “that is”, “about oneself”, “just now”, “on one’s own”, “in time”.	The listed combinations are written separately.
The formatting of complex non-union proposals is different: I'll wrap it in a rag and put it in a corner: let him lie there for a little while; and then I’ll take it out. First of all, he looked around, , Collegiate assessor Kovalev jumped out of bed and shook himself, - still no nose!...	I'll put it down wrapped in a rag in a corner; let him lie there for a little while, and then I’ll take it out. First of all, he looked around; then he leaned over the railing as if to look under the bridge: how many fish are running around, and slowly threw the rag with his nose. Collegiate assessor Kovalev jumped out of bed and shook himself: no nose!..
There are differences in the isolation of requests: Oh, you dirty, stupid log!	Oh, you dirty, stupid log!
In the isolation of participial phrases (the phrase standing in front of the word being defined is also isolated): Kovalev stretched and ordered himself to serve a small, standing on the table, mirror.	The participial phrase standing before the word being defined is not isolated. Kovalev stretched and ordered himself to hand over the small mirror that was standing on the table.
Isolation of introductory words: How is it really possible for the nose, which just yesterday was on his face and could neither ride nor walk, to be in a uniform!	How is it possible in fact, so that the nose, which only yesterday was on his face, could not ride and walk, - was in uniform!
Placing a dash in place of an intonation pause: Imagine Kovalev’s horror and at the same time amazement when he learned that it was– his own nose!	Placing a dash according to punctuation rules: Imagine Kovalev’s horror and amazement when he learned that it was his own nose!

Thus, there are not many differences found in the text, but even based on the data in the table, one can notice differences in the interpretation of the same sentence. This allows us to conclude that punctuation rules do affect the reader's understanding of the text.

Chapter 3. Analysis of questionnaires. Summing up the research

Further, in order to bring the topic of our research as close as possible to the situation in modern society, to fully convince ourselves of the importance of the problem we posed, a survey was conducted among students of the technical boarding school. The objectives of the survey are to determine how students feel about punctuation marks and to determine their punctuation literacy.

Participated in the survey 30 students : 10 people from each course (the text of the questionnaire is attached, appendix 3, 4). Let's summarize the results of the survey:

I year

1. Do you think it is possible to do without punctuation marks at all?

II course

1. Do you use punctuation marks?

3. What punctuation marks do you propose to leave in Russian speech (underline as necessary)?

5. Do you fully understand the meaning of the text you read?

6. Try to place punctuation marks in the above text.

III course

1. Do you use punctuation marks?

2. Do you think it is possible to do without punctuation marks at all?

3. What punctuation marks do you propose to leave in Russian speech (underline as necessary)?

5. Do you fully understand the meaning of the text you read?

6. Try to place punctuation marks in the above text.

Conclusions:

1. Regardless of the course, most students use punctuation marks and understand that they cannot do without them.
2. Regarding whether all punctuation marks are necessary in written speech, or only some, the survey showed us that the opinions of first-year students were equally divided (50%/50%), and second- and third-year students (90%/10%) made the choice that not all punctuation marks are necessary.
3. Most of the first and third year students did not understand the meaning of the text without punctuation marks. The second year students, surprisingly, were able to understand what was said in the proposed text.
4. Few responded to the proposal to add punctuation marks, although the survey was conducted anonymously. Out of 30 students, 24 did not cope with the task, and only 6 people correctly placed punctuation marks. It has been noticed that literacy decreases from course to course. This may indicate that the guys, having not encountered the rules of punctuation for a long time, have forgotten or stopped attaching special importance to punctuation marks in the Russian language.

Thus, we are convinced that modern youth rarely use punctuation marks in written speech; The research topic is really relevant. This means that a threat to the purity of the Russian language exists.

Conclusion

Punctuation is a set of punctuation marks and a system of developed and established rules for their use. Punctuation, like spelling, forms part of the graphic system adopted for a given language, and must be as firmly mastered as the letters of the alphabet with their sound meanings, in order for the letter to accurately and completely express the content of the statement.

It does not matter that the appearance of punctuation marks in different languages ​​may be the same, but their meaning and, therefore, their use are different. It is important that all those who write and read in a particular language understand in exactly the same way what this or that punctuation mark expresses.

At the beginning of the study, we gave an example of a parable. Although this was done with a touch of humor, if you think about it, that’s how it is in life. By downplaying the importance of punctuation marks, a person gradually ceases to clearly express his feelings and emotions.

During the research, we solved the problems posed in the introduction, answered all the questions that interested us and achieved our goal, making sure that a person cannot live without punctuation in a modern educated society.

In conclusion I would like to say. To always remain literate people and not forget about the rules of the Russian language, take a few things as a rule:

1) Read more fiction or any other literature of your choice. This improves literacy, both writing and speaking.

2) Have you noticed that when communicating on social networks you don’t use an “extra” comma, thinking: “they’ll understand me anyway”? Think about it. It all starts small: today you do not put one comma in online correspondence, and tomorrow you may forget to put it in an important official document, distorting its meaning: “Execute, you cannot pardon!” or “You can’t execute, you can have mercy!”

Bibliography

1. L. P. Demidenko I. S. Kozyrev T. G. Kozyreva “Modern Russian language”.

2. G. G. Granik S. M. Bondarenko “Secrets of punctuation.”

3. A. N. Naumovich “Modern Russian punctuation.”

4. A. B. Shapiro “Modern Russian language. Punctuation".

5. I. E. Savko “Russian language. Tutorial".

6. Ivanova V. F. “History and principles of Russian punctuation.”

7. Baranov M. T. “Russian language: reference materials:

textbook for students."

8. Gogol N.V., “Works”, tenth edition, volume two, Moscow, book edition. magician V. Dumnova, under the company “Heirs of bro. Salaev", 1889

9. Gogol N.V., “Collected works in 8 volumes,” volume three, ed. Publisher: Pravda, 1984

10. http://philolog.pspu.ru Slide 3

Purpose: To substantiate the importance of using punctuation marks in writing. Objectives: To get acquainted with the history of punctuation marks; Research literature on the topic; Conduct a survey among technical school students; Identify and analyze punctuation differences in texts.

When did punctuation appear? Were there periods in the history of writing when people did without them? How has the use of punctuation changed over time? Do modern youth often use punctuation marks?

Object of study: branch of the science of language - punctuation. Subject of research: punctuation marks. Research methods: Analysis of literary sources on the problem; Methods of synthesis, comparison and generalization of information; Questioning.

The term "Punctuation" comes from the Latin. “punctus” - dot Old Russian text - “The absurdity of the brethren of the five old words of the difficult stories of opalku and grief and grief of Svyatoslavlich”

Punctuation in Old Russian texts Dots and their combinations Lines at the bottom of the line (_) Zmiytsy (~)

Punctuation marks in the work of Maxim the Greek “On the grammar of the Monk Maxim the Greek of the Holy Mountain declared for subtlety” (XVI century): period (.) subdiastole (,) subdiastole with a dot (;) An attempt to streamline the placement of punctuation marks taking into account the meaning of the text

Punctuation marks in the printed grammar of Lavrentiy Zizaniy (“Grammar of Slovensk...” 1596) semantic principle, completeness or incompleteness of a statement comma (,) term (e) double term (:) connective (-) sub-terminal (;) period (.)

“Grammar of Slovenian correct syntagma” (1616) Meletius Smotritsky bar (/) comma (,) colon (:) dot (.) disjointed and unitary (-) interrogative (;) amazing (!) place adjective () the basis of use is intonation principle taking into account the meaning of the statement

Portraits of scientists Trediakovsky Vasily Kirillovich Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich Grot Yakov Karlovich

Punctuation differences in texts Pre-revolutionary period Modern punctuation 1889 1984

Placing a dash in place of an intonation pause: What was Kovalev’s horror and at the same time amazement when he found out that it was his own nose! Placing a dash according to the rules of punctuation: What was Kovalev’s horror and at the same time amazement when he learned that it was his own nose! The formatting of complex non-union sentences is different: Kollezhsky and ss essor Kovalev jumped out of bed, shook himself, - still no nose!... Kollezhsky and s essor Kovalev jumped out of bed, shook himself: no nose!.. There are differences in the isolation of addresses: Oh, you dirty , stupid log! Oh, you dirty, stupid log!

Poll “How do you feel about punctuation marks?” Student (underline as appropriate) of the course 1. Do you use punctuation marks? a) Yes b) No c) I use it occasionally d) I use it only in official speech, but I never use it on social networks: they will understand anyway. 2. Do you think it is possible to do without punctuation marks at all? a) Yes b) No c) Occasionally 3. What punctuation marks do you propose to leave in Russian speech (underline as necessary)? a) period (.) b) comma (,) c) colon (:) d) dash (-) e) semicolon (;) f) quotation marks ("") g) exclamation mark (!) h) question mark (?) and) ellipsis (...) 4. Read the text: The snake’s tail argued with his head about who should walk in front. The head said you can’t walk in front, you don’t have eyes or ears. The tail answered, but I have the strength, I’ll move you, I’ll want to wrap myself around a tree, you won’t move. The head said let's go our separate ways! The tail came off and crawled and fell into a crack. 5. Do you fully understand the meaning of the text you read? A) Yes b) No 6. Try to place punctuation marks in the above text. Thank you for your answers!

1.Do you use punctuation marks? I year II year III year

3.What punctuation marks do you propose to leave?

5.Do you fully understand the meaning of the text you read?

Try to place punctuation marks in the text

Read more fiction or any other literature that suits your taste. This improves literacy, both writing and speaking. Have you started to notice that when communicating on social networks you don’t use an “extra” comma, thinking: “They’ll understand me anyway”? Think about it. It all starts small: today you do not put one comma in online correspondence, and tomorrow you may forget to put it in an important official document, distorting its meaning: “Execute, you cannot pardon!” or “You can’t execute, you can have mercy!” USEFUL TIPS

Punctuation marks in the modern Russian language, differing in their functions, purpose, and place of their placement in a sentence, enter into a certain hierarchical dependence. Depending on the placement in a sentence, punctuation marks are distinguished between the end and middle of a sentence - final and internal marks. All separating terminal marks - period, question and exclamation marks, ellipses - have greater force than internal marks.

The so-called internal punctuation marks - semicolon, comma, dash, colon, parentheses - are heterogeneous in their use. The most “strong”, hierarchically senior separating punctuation mark within a sentence is the semicolon. This sign, designating the boundaries of homogeneous members of a sentence or predicative parts in a complex sentence, is capable of conveying a meaningful pause in oral speech. The other four internal punctuation marks (comma, dash, colon, parentheses) differ in their informative load, functional range, and duration of pauses when “reading” them.

The hierarchy of their pause values ​​begins with a comma and ends with parentheses. The difference in content between the four internal punctuation marks under consideration is expressed, on the one hand, in the different volume of information load and, on the other, in the different degrees of specificity of the meanings that they can record in writing. Of these signs, the comma is the most polysemantic, the dash is somewhat narrower in meaning, the colon is noticeably narrower, and the most concrete sign in terms of content is the parentheses.

Consequently, the least degree of specificity of meaning is inherent in the comma and the greatest in parentheses. Thus, the hierarchy of increasing the degree of specificity of the meanings of the indicated four punctuation marks corresponds to the noted hierarchy of pausal values ​​and the hierarchy of their functional range. Based on the hierarchical dependence of punctuation marks, the features of their compatibility when found in a sentence are established. In some cases, punctuation marks are combined when they meet, in others, a sign of lesser strength is absorbed by a stronger sign. One of the two elements of a paired, separating sign may occur with a separating sign or with an element of another paired sign. An encounter with a separating sign is usually observed if the construction being distinguished is at the beginning or end of a sentence (the predicative part of a complex sentence) or on the border with homogeneous members. The meeting of elements of distinguishing marks occurs in cases where one distinguished syntactic construction follows another distinguished construction, for example, an isolated member, or a comparative phrase, or a participial part after another isolated member, a subordinate clause after another isolated member, a subordinate clause, an introductory or insertive design, etc. Only a comma or a dash can be absorbed as part of a paired, highlighting sign. They are always absorbed by a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an ellipsis, a semicolon, a subsequent closing parenthesis, or subsequent closing quotation marks as marks of greater meaning. Symbols of the same name are also absorbed by one another: a comma by a comma, a dash by another dash, a closing bracket or quotation marks by another closing bracket or quotation marks. When a comma and a dash meet, different punctuation options are possible: these signs can be combined as equal in strength, or one of these signs can be absorbed by the other.

In the Russian language they perform several functions. They replace intonation pauses and emphasis on key words, lowering/raising the voice characteristic of Depending on their purpose, they can be divided into several groups.

Marks at the end of a sentence

All punctuation marks have their own specific meaning. So, at the end of a sentence there is either a period, an ellipsis, and an exclamation point.

• A period is needed if the statement contains any message and is of a narrative nature: “Today it snowed heavily all day, from morning until late evening.”
• The ellipsis indicates that the thought expressed in the sentence is not finished and requires continuation: “Please tell me, could you…”.
• Question punctuation marks are used if the sentences contain the question: “Where do you still run?”
• Exclamatory - when the statement contains an incentive to do something or emotional intensity: “Sanya, how glad I am to see you! Come here!”

Signs within a sentence

Inside the sentence, you use your own punctuation comma, semicolon, colon and dash, and parentheses. In addition, there are also quotation marks that can open and close an independent statement, and are also located inside an already created one. We use a comma in the following cases:

• With homogeneous members of the sentence, separating them from each other: “Snowflakes above the ground are spinning softly, smoothly, measuredly.”
• When it serves as the boundary of simple sentences as part of a complex one: “Thunder struck and the rain poured down like a solid wall.”
• Punctuation marks for distinguishing participial and adverbial phrases: “Smiling, the boy kept talking and talking without stopping. His interlocutors, who laughed heartily, were very pleased with the boy.”
• If the sentence contains introductory words or “In my opinion, the weather should recover soon.”
• With conjunctions “but, a, yes and” and others, this punctuation mark is required: “At first I decided to go for a walk, but then I changed my mind.”

The list of punctograms, of course, is far from complete. To clarify it, you should refer to syntax textbooks.

The colon is placed according to certain rules:

• It is used with generalizing words: “Everywhere: in the rooms, in the corridor, even in the remote corners of the pantry and kitchen - multi-colored lights of garlands shone.”
• A colon is used to indicate explanatory relations within its parts: “My friend was not mistaken with the forecasts: heavy, low clouds were slowly but surely gathering in the west.”
• When speaking directly, we also must not forget about this punctuation mark: it separates the author’s words: “Coming close, the guy knitted his eyebrows threateningly and muttered: “Maybe we should go out?”

A semicolon is written if the sentence is complex, non-conjunctive, and there is no close connection between its parts or if each part has its own punctuation marks: “Meanwhile it got dark; lights flashed in the houses here and there, streams of smoke came out of the chimneys, the smell of cooking food.” .

A dash is also placed in non-union sentences or if the subject and predicate are expressed by a noun in the presence of the particle “this”, etc.: “Spring is the shine of the sun, the blue of the sky, the joyful awakening of nature.”

Each punctogram has a number of nuances and clarifications, so for competent writing you must regularly work with reference literature.