Activity of the 7th group of main subgroups. General characteristics of elements of group VII, a secondary subgroup of D. I. Mendeleev’s periodic system. The most important halogen compounds

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Moscow Humanitarian-Economic Institute

Tver branch

Report on the training practice of a lawyer's automated workplace

in the discipline "Information technologies in jurisprudence"

Option No. 10

Introduction

information computer jurisprudence reference legal

The activities of a modern lawyer are based on regulatory documents. It is very important for a legal specialist to monitor changes in federal and regional legislation in order to prevent possible errors. The volume of legal information is steadily growing, and the total number of federal, regional and departmental documents issued in Russia today is enormous. If you store all these documents in paper form, you will need a whole library.

The way out of this serious situation is the use of effective information technologies. After all, a computer is an ideal tool for collecting, processing, storing, updating and distributing information to consumers, including laws and other regulations.

Modern information and reference legal systems provide quick access to regulatory and reference information and provide the ability to quickly work with it. That is why they are one of the main parts of computer information support for the activities of legal departments of organizations.

The reason for the popularity of legal reference systems among specialists is explained by the fact that such systems are an accessible and effective tool for daily work with legal information. They not only provide free access to legal information, but also allow specialists to save time.

Computer technologies have a number of unique advantages and capabilities. First of all, this is compact storage of large volumes of information, quick search for the necessary documents, standard forms, forms or even fragments in huge amounts of data, and high-speed transmission of information by means of communication over any distance.

Section 1. Comparative analysis of basic information- legal reference systems

Electronic database of regulatory legal acts of the NCPI (http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/index.php).

NCPI is a scientific center for legal information under the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (NCPI) - a federal government agency under the Ministry of Justice of Russia.

The database contains:

Federal legislation

Regulatory legal acts of federal executive authorities

Regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

International documents

Charters of municipalities

Regulatory legal acts of municipalities

Searching for documents is difficult if there is no information about the document number and the date of its adoption. Not suitable as a working system for a lawyer.

"Pravo.Ru" (Pravo.ru, Pravo.r u ) -- an online legal reference system developed by Pravo.ru CJSC. Contains over 20 million documents, including all legislation, judicial practice and other regulatory documents. Access to documents is free, but some features require registration.

All information in SPS “Pravo.ru” is divided into thematic blocks:

federal legislation

regional legislation

judicial practice (arbitration and general jurisdiction)

other legal acts

comments and consultations

international law

technical standards and regulations

bills

mobile versions of SPS

Each block has a certain degree of gradation into categories or banks that accumulate relevant documents. This structure of legal reference systems is standardized and simplifies searching.

It is difficult to find data on the judicial practice of courts of general jurisdiction.

Otherwise, a very convenient online system for the practical work of a lawyer. The document navigation system is well thought out. After registration, you can add selected documents to your favorites, and then set bookmarks within the document. Favorites and bookmarks are saved when you log in again.

In addition to documents, the site contains a large number of materials on legal topics. In the “legal consultation” section you can ask lawyers a question on a topic of interest.

RosPravosudie (rospravosudie.com) is a non-profit free legal reference system on court decisions of courts of general jurisdiction, magistrates and arbitration courts of the Russian Federation. Contains 35 million judicial acts.

The most convenient resource for finding court decisions. It is possible to filter the search directly by region, court, judge, which greatly simplifies the procedure.

Consultant Plus ( consultant . ru ) -- computer reference and legal system for the legislation of Russia and Belarus. It is developed by Consultant Plus CJSC and contains more than 20 million documents.

The system is commercial. Distributed through a network of regional information centers on disks. The document database is updated at the frequency specified in the contract by company employees; it is also possible to update it independently via the Internet. The system is supplied both in the form of a single-user version and a multi-user network version, in which each user can determine which banks he has access to, which allows optimizing system maintenance costs. It is possible to purchase access to the full online version. All key documents are also available in the public domain on the website.

The information included in the system is structured into sections; Currently, SPS ConsultantPlus has the following sections:

legislation;

arbitrage practice;

financial and personnel consultations;

consultations for budgetary organizations;

comments on legislation;

document forms;

bills;

international legal acts;

legal acts on healthcare;

technical norms and rules.

The title of the section reflects the nature of the information it contains. Each section, in turn, consists of information subsets, the so-called. banks. This data structuring simplifies the search for information in the system by excluding from the search sections and information banks containing information that obviously does not satisfy the search conditions.

Dividing an array of information into information banks has another goal - to implement the modular principle of constructing technical systems. This allows the end user of the system to include in his set those information banks that he needs.

Section 2. Purpose and main capabilities of the Guarantor.

Garant is a reference and legal system under the legislation of the Russian Federation, developed by the Garant-Service-University company, the first mass commercial reference and legal system in Russia (produced since 1990).

The program and updates to the legislative framework are distributed through the development company and through a dealer network of 250 distribution companies in Russia and the CIS.

The system is produced in the form of information blocks - databases formed on a thematic basis. A set is formed from information blocks, which is the final product offered to the customer. The weekly replenishment of the maximum set is about 12 thousand documents. The system includes all existing types of legal information: acts of authorities, judicial practice, international treaties, draft laws, forms (accounting, tax, statistical reporting, as well as forms, standard contracts), comments, dictionaries and reference books.

In addition to the information content of the kit, the customer can also choose the type of access (from local to multi-user network version), update method (from portable storage media or via the Internet), update frequency (from once a month to daily via the Internet), activation of the legal consulting service "

There is a version in English (Legislation of Russia in English) and a non-commercial version for undergraduates, graduate students and teachers (“Garant-Student”). Together with the 1C company, the product 1C: Garant Legal Support is produced.

The system supports such functions as displaying documents as of a given date (“time machine”), visual comparison of document revisions, maintaining a calendar of document status changes, searching for similar documents, requesting legal support services via the Internet from the system interface, loading legal news, sharing messages between users.

Section 3. Methods of searching for documents in the Guarantor

There are 6 types of search in the Garant system:

1. Basic search

2. Search by details

3. Search by situation

5. PRIME. Review of legislative changes

6. Dictionary

Basic search

"Basic search": searches by words, phrases, context, abbreviations, living language, and even words from professional slang.

This is the fastest search among its competitors, because it searches across a single information space, not divided into separate systems.

“Basic search” is very beautifully designed, it allows you to search by certain types of documents: by acts of authorities, by judicial practice, by document forms, comments, and so on.

However, in "Garant" there is no such parameter as word proximity. Here it is impossible to clarify where the searched words are found: within a phrase or paragraph.

Search by details

It is not necessary to enter a number that is accurate in all punctuation marks and spaces. The smart mechanism also searches by context.

You can select a block of information to search, but the fields are the same for all types of documents. This is a drawback. For example, there is no field to search by author.

Legal calendar

It has three fields:

Entry into force

Loss of power

Alteration

Each of these fields asks you to enter a date range. In fact, this tool allows you to track changes in legislation over a period of time, specifying the type of changes.

That is, now using the “Search by details” you can, for example, look at legal acts on VAT that lost force from the beginning of April to mid-May of this year.

Search by situation

“Search by situation” - help in searching if you don’t know what words to use to make the correct request so that the program understands you. It contains many search situations that will definitely help. You need to enter some keywords and select the desired situation from the resulting list.

PRIME. Review of legislative changes

This type of search allows you to build your own overviews of changes. You can optionally fill in the following fields:

Authority/Source

Section/Topic (for example, banking)

Acceptance date

Type of legal information (for example, case law).

Dictionary

Performs a search in the Explanatory Dictionary "Garant". It is worth noting that the "Explanatory Dictionary" block is not a free application, as in competing systems, but is included in the kit only for a fee.

Sorting lists in the Garant system

To sort the list there is a special button “Work with list”. When you click on it, a drop-down menu appears with a set of actions.

What you can do with the list:

"Sort list"

It is possible to sort the list by date of publication, by date of modification and by legal force. By default, the search searches by degree of match.

Thus, it is possible to control the sorting, first look at the most recently added documents, or first look at the fundamental acts upon request.

"Build a complete list"

It is possible to build a complete list of documents, since by default only 60 documents are displayed (you can change the settings in the “Configuration Settings” so that the search returns all documents at once).

"List Analysis"

To sort by document type there is a "List Analysis" function. By clicking on the "List Analysis" button, you can see how many documents of each type are present in the list. By clicking on the corresponding line, you can build a list only from certain acts.

"Apply filter"

It is possible to use filters by clicking on the "Apply filter" button. By default, filters reflect sorting by document type (for example, “Question-Answer”), and it would seem that you can only shrug your shoulders as to why this is needed if there is “List Analysis”. But the purpose of filters is much broader.

Flexibility of Garant filters

It is possible for the user to create his own filters and use them to sort lists by date of adoption, by receiving authority, etc. It is possible to create a filter by any of the “Search by details” fields.

It is possible to create your own filter for each information block "Garant" ("Working with the list" -> "Apply filter" -> "Create a new filter").

"Search by details in the current list"

“Search by details in the current list” is a button that causes a search by details, which will allow you to find the desired document in the resulting list using any of the parameters.

"Synchronous viewing"

There is also such a function as synchronous viewing. If you click on this link at the bottom of the list, a window will appear at the bottom containing annotations for the selected documents from the list. It is possible to simply click on the names of documents and read the annotations to them.

In addition, when we go to the “Questions and Answers” section, you can immediately see what the essence of the question is, because the question itself is already written in the title of the document, and you can immediately understand whether you need to open this document or not.

Saving lists

To save the list, just click on the “Save to My Documents” button. You can also save only the selected documents in the list.

Additional features of the Guarantor when working with lists .

In the "Analysis" tab of the top menu, methods for working with lists are available that are only available in "Garant". They provide the ability to compare lists with each other.

“Add to list” - allows you to add a previously saved one to the open list.

“Intersect with list” - allows you to select common documents from an open list with a previously saved one.

“Subtract list” - allows you to subtract documents from the open list that are common to the previously saved one.

Section 4. Problem solving

Problem 10

Citizen 3. registered with the employment service as unemployed O Go, an accountant by profession, was offered the position of cashier in the state unitary enterprise of the defense complex “Zarya” as an option for a suitable job. Nature of work d assumes familiarization with information containing state secrets. With this option A Zhdanin 3. agreed.

e to work?

1. What documents should citizen 3. submit to the personnel department of the enterprise?

In accordance with Article 65 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Documents presented when concluding an employment contract:

1. passport or other identity document;

2. work book;;

3. insurance certificate of state pension insurance;

4. military registration documents - for those liable for military service and persons subject to conscription for military service;

5. a document on education, qualifications or special knowledge - when applying for a job that requires special knowledge or special training;

6. a certificate of the presence (absence) of a criminal record and (or) the fact of criminal prosecution or the termination of criminal prosecution on rehabilitative grounds, issued in the manner and in the form established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing and implementing state policy and regulatory legal regulation in the field of internal affairs - when applying for a job related to activities, the implementation of which, in accordance with this Code, other federal law, is not allowed to persons who have or have had a criminal record, are or have been subject to criminal prosecution.

Since the nature of the work involves familiarization with information containing state secrets, a citizen 3. before being hired must go through the procedure in accordance with clause 7. Instructions on the procedure for accessing officials and citizens of the Russian Federation to state secrets (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 6, 2010 N 63).

Access of citizens to state secrets provides for:

a) accepting obligations to the state to not disseminate information entrusted to them that constitutes a state secret;

b) written consent to partial, temporary restrictions on their rights in accordance with Article 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On State Secrets”;

c) written consent for inspection activities to be carried out in relation to them by the authorized bodies;

d) determination of the types, sizes and procedures for providing social guarantees provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

e) familiarization with the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation on state secrets, providing for liability for its violation;

f) the decision by the head of the organization (in writing) on the admission of the citizen being registered to information constituting a state secret.

2. What contracts should a citizen be offered to conclude 3. upon admission? e to work?

In accordance with Art. 58 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Duration of the employment contract

Employment contracts can be concluded:

1) for an indefinite period;

2) for a certain period of not more than five years (fixed-term employment contract), unless a different period is established by this Code and other federal laws.

A fixed-term employment contract is concluded when the employment relationship cannot be established for an indefinite period, taking into account the nature of the work to be done or the conditions for its implementation, namely in the cases provided for in part one of Article 59 of this Code. In the cases provided for in part two of Article 59 of this Code, a fixed-term employment contract may be concluded by agreement of the parties to the employment contract without taking into account the nature of the work to be performed and the conditions for its implementation.

The task does not indicate a number of parameters of both the proposed nature and place of work, and the personality of citizen Z. Thus, in accordance with Art. 58.59 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, citizen Z. may be offered to enter into an employment contract either for an indefinite period or for a certain period.

Task 54

By the verdict of the district court, R. was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of three years. The regional prosecutor filed a supervisory protest, believing that a suspended sentence should be applied to the convicted person.

Which court should consider the protest; what is the order of his ra With looking?

And

1. Which court should consider the protest;

In accordance with Art. 389.3. The procedure for filing an appeal, presentation

1. An appeal or presentation is brought through the court that passed the sentence or issued another appealed court decision.

2. Appeals and presentations are submitted:

2) for a verdict or other decision of a district court, a garrison military court - to the judicial collegium for criminal cases of the supreme court of the republic, a regional or regional court, a federal city court, an autonomous region court, an autonomous district court, a district (naval) military court.

TO what is the order of his ra With looking?

In accordance with Art. 389.13. The procedure for considering a criminal case by the court of appeal

1. Proceedings in a criminal case in a court of appeal are carried out in the manner established by Chapters 35 - 39 of this Code, with the exceptions provided for by this chapter.

2. The presiding officer opens the court session and announces which criminal case is being considered and whose appeal and (or) presentation is based on. After this, the presiding judge announces the composition of the court, the last names, first names and patronymics of the persons who are parties to the criminal case and present at the court hearing, as well as the last names, first names and patronymics of the secretary of the court session and the interpreter, if the interpreter is participating in the court hearing. The presiding officer asks the participants in the trial whether they have any challenges and motions and whether they support the motions stated in the appeal and (or) presentation.

3. The judicial investigation begins with a brief presentation by the presiding judge or one of the judges participating in the consideration of the criminal case of the appellate instance, the content of the verdict or other court decision being appealed, the substance of the appeal and (or) presentation, objections to them, as well as the substance of the additional materials presented.

4. After the report of the presiding judge or judge, the court hears the speeches of the party that filed the appeal, presentation, and objections of the other party. If there are several complaints, the sequence of speeches is determined by the court, taking into account the opinions of the parties. The court then proceeds to review the evidence. To confirm or refute the arguments presented in the appeal or presentation, the parties have the right to submit additional materials to the appellate court.

5. Witnesses questioned in the court of first instance are questioned in the appellate court if the court considers their summons necessary.

6. Petitions of the parties for the examination of evidence, including petitions for the examination of evidence that was not examined by the court of first instance (new evidence), and for the summoning of witnesses, experts and other persons to the court session for these purposes, are resolved by the court in the manner established by parts first and second articles 271 of this Code. In this case, the court does not have the right to refuse to satisfy the petition only on the grounds that it was not satisfied by the court of first instance.

(Part 6 as amended by Federal Law dated July 23, 2013 N 217-FZ)

6.1. Evidence that was not examined by the court of first instance (new evidence) is accepted by the court if the person who filed the petition for its examination has justified the impossibility of presenting it to the court of first instance for reasons beyond his control, and the court recognizes these reasons as valid.

(Part 6.1 introduced by Federal Law dated July 23, 2013 N 217-FZ)

7. With the consent of the parties, the appellate court has the right to consider the appeal, the presentation without checking the evidence that was examined by the court of first instance.

8. The appellate court has the right to examine evidence using video conferencing systems.

9. Upon completion of the judicial investigation, the court asks the parties whether they have any requests to supplement the judicial investigation. The court resolves these petitions, after which it proceeds to the debate between the parties.

2. Can a supervisory court And accept the solution proposed by the prosecutor?

Maybe, since this does not contradict the following articles of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation:

1. Section 389.20. Decisions made by the appellate court

1. As a result of consideration of a criminal case on appeal, the court makes one of the decisions:

3) on the reversal of a conviction and on the imposition of a guilty verdict;

9) about changing the sentence or other appealed court decision;

2. Section 389.26. Changing a sentence or other court decision

1. When changing a sentence or other court decision on appeal, the court has the right to:

1) mitigate the sentence of the convicted person or apply the criminal law against him for a less serious crime;

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3.1 AIS classification

1. Information and information technology

We live in a world of information. A person perceives the world around him with the help of his senses. In order to correctly navigate the world, he remembers the information received (stores information). In the process of communicating with other people, a person transmits and receives information. In the process of achieving any goals, he makes decisions (processes information). The world exists in three main forms: matter, energy, information. Processes associated with storing, receiving, processing and transmitting information are called information processes.

Since the mid-twentieth century, a gradual transition from an industrial to an information society began.

The criteria for the development of the information society are:

· widespread use of personal computers;

· level of development of computer networks;

· the number of people employed in the information sector.

The first automatic computing device was invented by Charles Babbage in 1832. The first computer appeared in 1946 in the USA, the first domestic computer appeared in 1950. The twentieth century made serious demands on computing devices; the development of physics required the processing of huge amounts of information. The most important stage in the development of computing technology was the creation of the first personal computer in 1976 by Apple. In the early 80s, mass production of personal computers began. Modern personal computers have gone far ahead in all characteristics, and new, more advanced storage media have appeared. Currently, a significant trend in the informatization of society is the transition from using computers offline to using them in information networks. Information networks create a real opportunity for quick and convenient user access to all the information accumulated by humanity. The development of global computer networks began in the 80s. In 1981, there were only 213 computers on the Internet; today there are more than 43 million servers in the global computer network.

The amount of information in the modern world is growing rapidly. And in order to navigate this flow, it is necessary to have an information culture, i.e. knowledge and skills in the field of information technology, as well as be familiar with moral and legal standards in this area. The most important component of information culture is compliance with the rules of behavior adopted when working on the Internet. You must also be aware of and comply with existing laws prohibiting illegal copying and use of software.

The term "information" comes from the Latin word "informatio" - explanation, awareness. We put a very broad meaning into this word and can often explain it only on an intuitive level. When we say “information,” we mean messages on radio and television, the contents of newspapers, books, databases, libraries, and knowledge gleaned from communicating with people and obtained in scientific journals. Information is stored in books, libraries, databases, paper and computer media. Information is transmitted orally and in writing, using electrical signals and radio waves; are obtained using sensory organs, electrical sensors, photo and video cameras. Individual data and messages are processed, transformed, systematized, sorted and new information or new knowledge is obtained. In a broad sense, information is information, knowledge, messages that are the object of storage, transformation, transmission and help solve the problem assigned to a person.

In Article 2 of the Federal Law A dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and information protection”, the concept of information is enshrined. Information - information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation.

Technology (Greek techne - art, skill, skill) is a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, shape of something carried out in the production process. Information technology views information as an object in order to obtain and use it in the most effective way.

Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product).

The purpose of information technology is the production of information for human analysis and decision-making based on it to perform any action. Information technology is the most important component of the process of using society's information resources. To date, it has gone through several evolutionary stages, the change of which was determined mainly by the development of scientific and technological progress and the emergence of new technical means of information processing. In modern society, the main technical means of information processing technology is the personal computer, which has significantly influenced both the concept of constructing and using technological processes and the quality of the resulting information. The introduction of the personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunications have determined a new stage in the development of information technology and, as a consequence, a change in its name by adding one of the synonyms: “new”, “computer” or “modern”. The adjective "new" emphasizes the innovative rather than evolutionary nature of this technology. Its implementation is an innovative act in the sense that it significantly changes the content of various activities in organizations. The concept of new information technology also includes communication technologies that ensure the transfer of information by various means, namely telephone, telegraph, telecommunications, fax, etc.

1.1 Information consulting and the legal system

As a subsystem of management consulting, information consulting is a specialized type of service aimed at meeting the Client’s information needs, information support of business transactions and developing optimal ways to use information resources in the practice of managing organizational change.

Object informationalconsulting is the state of the information environment of the consulted organization, and the subject is the search for opportunities to satisfy the various information needs of the organization.

Functionsinformationalconsulting:

1. Functioninforming lies in the fact that information consulting provides society, management structures, business and other organizations with information about social objects that interest them, the features of their change and development in modern society. This function helps to assist business entities in solving specific economic and managerial problems in all areas of their activities and functional areas.

2. Scientific and educationalfunction is expressed in the fact that information consulting indirectly helps to better understand the essence of certain social phenomena, to reveal the dynamics, trends and prospects for their development, and the impact on socio-economic and social processes in the country.

3. Researchordiagnosticfunction allows us to establish and study the signs characterizing the state of social objects, including signs of social tension, extreme situations, conflicts, and this facilitates the timely adoption of the necessary management decisions that help maintain the social system in a dynamic and stable state.

4. In addition, this function is associated with conducting comprehensive analytical research in the field of production of products and services, as well as identifying those factors, trends and patterns that have a decisive impact on the results of the enterprise in the information society.

5. Mediationfunction is to assist Clients in choosing the right strategy in the field of information technology, selecting business partners both within the country and abroad, as well as identifying the most promising objects of cooperation for direct investment, joint actions in the field of production and sales of products and services .

6. Educationalfunction is associated with the organization and conduct of educational events both on information technologies and on the effectiveness of their use in the relevant sector of the economy.

The harmonious interaction and complementarity of these functions, in combination with other types of consulting presented, turns information consulting into an effective lever for improving the management of various social processes and phenomena, and makes it a powerful means of optimizing the development of Legal consulting services - a unique information complex, when using which two are available components: a unique knowledge base of the GARANT Legal Consulting Service and the opportunity to receive individual written expert opinions. The weekly updated legal block "Knowledge Base of the Legal Consulting Service" contains more than 56,000 ready-made solutions on the most relevant topics. Consultations are prepared by experts from the Legal Consulting Service of the Garant company - highly qualified lawyers, tax consultants, professional accountants, auditors and undergo centralized verification in Moscow. All consultations are supported by references to regulatory documents, judicial practice and comments.

1.2 Computer legal consulting systems

AIS in consulting allow you to structure information into sections, while integrating it into a single system that helps the user solve a number of important tasks, namely:

* Conducting a comprehensive survey of the enterprise.

* Drawing diagrams of business processes, structuring information flows.

* Analytical activities, analysis and optimization of document flow.

* Analysis, assessment and optimization of the organizational structure of the enterprise.

The leading positions in the market of technologies offered for this segment are occupied by:

1. AIS "Consulting. Standard" is a collection of current legal, tax and accounting materials presented in the form of useful practical tools.

2. Own development of the company "FISTECH-Consulting" - the information and analytical system "FINIST" is designed to solve problems of automating the financial accounting of an enterprise. IAS "FINIST" has been successfully implemented and used at more than 20 enterprises, including enterprises of the group of companies OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel and OJSC Krasnoyarsk Non-Ferrous Metals Plant.

3. Consultant Plus is the largest legal information resource with fast and convenient information search, based on the highest standards of service. The system includes over 320,000 documents of federal and regional legislation, as well as court decisions, financial advice, comments on legislation and other useful information.

4. The software package "Consulting. Issuer" is used by lawyers, securities specialists, and employees of the corporate department of a joint-stock company. It simplifies the conduct and execution of corporate procedures, automates the preparation of documents, and provides legal and practical information.

5. Legal reference system GARANT. The information bank of the system is built on a modular principle and includes 25 specialized blocks for all sections of Russian legislation and 135 blocks for the legislation of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, etc.

SPS "Garant"

The GARANT reference legal system has been developed since 1990. In 1990, graduates of the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics of Moscow State University, D.B. Novikov and D.V. Persheev created the first mass legal system - SPS Garant. However, due to disagreements in the further development of the business, the partners separated, and the development group remained with D.B. Novikov created SPS Consultant Plus in 1992. Currently, it is the main decision-making tool on legal issues for many accountants, lawyers, managers and other professionals in Russia and abroad. The full volume of the information bank of the GARANT system is more than 1,744,188 documents and comments on regulations; weekly replenishment is about 7,000 documents. The information data bank of the "Garant" system is built on a modular principle and includes 25 specialized blocks on all sections of Russian legislation and 135 blocks on the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The GARANT system presents the legislation of 83 regions of the Russian Federation, as well as the practice of 10 Federal Arbitration Courts. User he himself chooses the content of the database, which allows him to use documents related specifically to his field of activity in his work. "InPharm: Medicines and Companies" Contains regulatory legal documents on healthcare, practical comments and recommendations from leading experts, as well as materials on the legal aspects of the work of medical institutions.

1.3 Problem-oriented consulting

According to T.Ya. Danelyan consulting (in a general sense) has three types of activities:

1. On general legal issues (legal consulting) or general consulting.

2. For a specific type of activity (for a production function) - functional consulting.

3. Marketing - marketing consulting. Marketing consulting is one of the functions of marketing, carrying out activities to advise producers, sellers, buyers on the following issues: enterprise activities, assessment of trade and political conditions, export-import operations, assessment and development of feasibility studies for the introduction of new technologies and production.

The author classifies information consulting by areas of action:

legal consulting;

information consulting;

general consulting (passive consulting);

marketing consulting;

consulting on feasibility studies of enterprise activities;

problem-oriented consulting (dynamic consulting);

consulting on production activities (functional consulting).

General consulting is information in the mode of information consulting, legal consulting, information for making decisions on the management of an object to increase the efficiency of obtaining information on standard regulatory documents and legal issues. Answers can be provided both in the form of facts and in the form of text documents. Legal consulting is a certificate of rights and obligations, information consulting is an information and reference system that issues a certificate of the availability and type of a particular document.

Functional consulting provides recommendations to the manager on how to improve the functioning of an economic entity, both financially and economically. This recommendation is made at the audit level. It may or may not be accepted. Thus, functional consulting is included in the field of problem-oriented active consulting and concerns the main functions of the enterprise related to technical and economic planning, calculation of production capacity, fixed assets, remuneration, material assets, profitability, sustainability.

In addition to direct analysis of the function of the enterprise, functional consulting can give recommendations on the prospects for the development of the enterprise, using the results of statistical simulation modeling of the activities of production facilities.

Marketing consulting, using the results of market analysis, provides advice on the results of operational and long-term production planning. Consulting on a feasibility study of an enterprise's activities is used to determine the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole and to justify the economic feasibility of introducing new technologies, ideas, and facilities.

Consulting in its semantic essence is based on the ideas of information and reference systems (ISS) and information retrieval systems (IRS). These systems have the goal of storing information that society needs and issuing at the right time the necessary information in the form of certificates, texts, facts. The increase in the volume of information and the emergence of new standards regulating the activities of economic entities required automation and the introduction of new technologies. Information and reference systems and information retrieval systems became such technologies.

IRS - information retrieval system - is a set of linguistic, technical and algorithmic tools designed for storing, searching and issuing information.

ISS - information and reference system - a system for recording facts, processing and storing information intended to provide subscribers with reference information. ISS is a type of IPS, i.e. IPS, which provides responses to information requests relating to acts of interest to consumers. IPS are divided into factual and documentary. Documentary information retrieval systems are designed to search for documents, articles, reports, etc. Factual information retrieval systems implement the issuance of information in the form of a fact of a phenomenon or situation.

Both ISS and IPS implement two types of functions:

1) storage of information about objects and knowledge displayed in documents that form information arrays of answers (creation of a knowledge base);

2) organization of information reflecting the user’s information need, which is called a request (organization of responses).

To organize arrays of answers and queries, all information systems and information systems work with a specially organized body of knowledge, which is called a thesaurus (Danelyan, 2009, P.151).

A thesaurus is a dictionary organized in a special way, used in information systems and information systems when searching for information, which reflects the semantic connections between words or other semantic objects of a given language, or is a system of information (ideas) about extra-linguistic objects of society.

Any information technologies used to automate consulting (information consulting systems), built on the principle of IPS and ISS, are defined:

1. Operating modes (centralized, decentralized);

2. Operating modes (dialog, batch);

3. Methods of organizing work (network and individual), as well as;

4. Providing:

software (standard PPP, original PPP),

technical (PC, networks, workstation),

information (means of maintaining information),

functional,

empowering (legal and judicial, linguistic and administrative).

Based on the focus of problem-oriented consulting, its main functions are:

prosecutor's office information technology anti-theft

Assess the functional activity of the object; determine the method of making a profit; costs in the process of activity;

Assess the stable conditions of the object, based on an analysis of the financial and economic activities of the object, in order to make decisions on managing the operation of the object;

Assess the structural and functional organization of the facility and the costs of new projects and developments in order to make a decision on the feasibility of these developments in terms of their acquisition and implementation. Based on the above functions, problem-oriented consulting in its organization must use: economic and mathematical models so that it is possible to simulate the process of functioning of an object, determine the result of the simulation to the maximum and minimum under various situations (factors) affecting the process. Thus, one of the tools of problem-oriented consulting should be a means of economic, simulation, mathematical and statistical modeling. There must be a means to evaluate the production structure of the facility. The structure is assessed using calculation formulas and from the results obtained, using the method of expert assessments, those structural indicators that are important for the activities of an economic entity are identified, such as: reliability, complexity, quality of functioning, hierarchy, throughput, versatility, information content.

Thus, problem-oriented consulting provides advice on making decisions about changing both the structure of the system, on the one hand, and the way the system operates, on the other. To implement all of the above, they use: automated workplace technologies, case technologies, network communication tools.

One of the main functions of general consulting is to provide information on legal issues in the following aspects:

branches of law;

sub-branches of law;

types of rules of law;

documents (forms of law);

dates (facts) of adoption of legal norms;

organization that has adopted a specific rule of law.

The second function is to provide information on information issues in terms of: types of documents that adequately reflect specific activities; norms defining activities; statistical reporting on activities.

Not all companies turn to consulting organizations, but their role is very important. Improving the quality of leadership, increasing the efficiency of the company as a whole and increasing the individual productivity of each employee leads to the effective operation of companies and even the recovery of companies from crisis situations. “Consulting” is a fairly new word for Russians, but the field of consulting is already developing more and more in our country: new companies engaged in consulting are constantly appearing; there is a need for the use of their services by other organizations in various fields of activity and, accordingly, systems providing these services (reference systems) appear. The most popular among consulting systems are legal, tax and legal consulting. Employees of various organizations are often faced with the need to use documents in these areas and the problem of their execution. But, as a rule, people are poorly informed on these issues. Ignorance leads to unwanted mistakes. And help systems allow you not only to avoid mistakes, but also to increase the productivity of employees who use consulting systems in their work, because the time spent searching for information and completing documents is significantly reduced

2. Satellite anti-theft search system "Arkan"

Satellite anti-theft complexes and Arkan security alarms are designed to protect against theft of cars of various classes: from “average” to “luxury”. The main feature of these alarms is the data transmission channel - "Arkan Radio Channel", which operates in a specially designated frequency range from 146 to 174 MHz. The radio channel operates throughout Russia.

All Arkan security alarms, thanks to the innovative developments of Russian engineers, are protected from scanning, interception, and most importantly, jamming. Data transmission via radio channel is carried out in any conditions, be it dense urban areas, concrete tunnels, shelters, garage cooperatives, underground parking lots. All these features speak of Arkan systems as professional and unique solutions in the field of car theft protection, which have no analogues in Russia and abroad.

Nowadays, there are quite a large number of security systems on the satellite anti-theft security alarm market. But they all have one, but very significant drawback. All of them transmit data to the dispatch center via a GSM channel. As you know, satellite GSM alarms are not reliable, and can be easily suppressed and jammed, even by homemade devices.

The Arkan group of companies did not stop at GSM data transmission systems as the main ones - it developed its own advanced solution for ensuring vehicle safety. The use of its own radio channel operating in a dedicated frequency range has become the main difference of the Arkan technology platform. Also different from these systems is the use of the latest and most advanced developments in the field of protecting vehicles from theft.

Arkan satellite security alarms are currently the most reliable and modern solution in the field of protecting mobile objects - this statement is confirmed by data received from the company's partners, insurance companies, response services, and most importantly from system users.

Advantages of Arkan satellite anti-theft systems:

· Data transmission from the system installed in the car to the dispatch center is carried out via two communication channels: via a radio channel operating at frequencies from 146 to 174 MHz; and also via GSM channel;

· The security alarm system cannot be scanned, intercepted, jammed or suppressed;

· The location of the vehicle is determined using GPS/GLONASS systems, as well as using a network of Arkan’s own direction finders;

· It is not possible to prepare a car for theft at the system installation stage, thanks to the hidden logic of the operation of these systems;

· Dialogue data transmission channel directly in the systems themselves, tags, blocking relays.

It should be noted that Arkan security alarms are alarms that combine high-tech intelligent solutions that allow you to change the vehicle security mode, depending on the likelihood of a threat and the location of the vehicle. To implement this function, a data bank was specially developed with information about places of theft, methods of theft, and models of stolen cars. This information is accumulated as a result of close cooperation of the Arkan group of companies with the traffic police, security services of insurance companies, the technical department of the educational institution and its own statistics.

Based on these data, special maps were developed for cities with a population of over a million people with marked “risk zones”. The system monitors which zone the car is in and automatically switches to high security mode if necessary.

In the event of a security alarm, the response is carried out by government law enforcement agencies. Information about the car and its location is sent to the Central Control Center of the UVO (the control center for private security departments). The officer on duty at this center directs the nearest patrol car to the scene of the incident. Average response time is from 2 to 10 minutes.

3. Information system and automated information system (AIS)

Under system understand any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. In computer science, the concept of “system” is widespread and has many semantic meanings. Most often it is used in relation to a set of technical tools and programs. The hardware of a computer can be called a system. A system can also be considered a set of programs for solving specific application problems, supplemented by procedures for maintaining documentation and managing calculations. Adding the word “information” to the concept of “system” reflects the purpose of its creation and operation. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products.

Informationsystem- an interconnected set of means, methods and personnel used for storing, processing and issuing information in the interests of achieving a set goal. The modern understanding of an information system involves the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of information processing. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

Automatedsystem in contrast to automatic, it implies the use of the human element (operators, management personnel, etc.) as its organic component.

Automatedinformationalsystem (AIS) is based on the use of computer technology tools and capabilities, but is not limited to the simple use of computers in management. If the simple use of computers in management is the solution of individual management problems with their help, which is usually determined not by the relevance of such a solution, but by the degree of its readiness for implementation on a computer, then automated information systems extend to all stages and work related to the information support process. Automated information systems of various classes and purposes are currently widespread.

3.1 AIS classification

Classification of AIS is carried out according to a number of criteria, and depending on the problem being solved, different classification criteria can be selected. In this case, the same AIS can be characterized by one or more signs. The following characteristics of AIS classification are used: scale, scope, territory covered, organization of information processes, direction of activity, purpose, structure, etc.

By scale, information systems are divided into the following groups (Fig. 1.1): single, group and corporate.

Rice. 1.1 Division of information systems by scale

Singlesinformationalsystems are implemented, as a rule, on a stand-alone personal computer (the network is not used). Such a system may contain several simple applications connected by a common information fund, and is designed for the work of one user or a group of users sharing one workplace. Such applications are created using so-called desktop or local database management systems (DBMS). Among local DBMSs, the most famous are FoxPro, Paradox, and Microsoft Access.

Groupinformationalsystems are focused on the collective use of information by members of a work group and are most often built on the basis of a local computer network. When developing such applications, database servers (also called SQL servers) are used for workgroups. There are quite a large number of different SQL servers, both commercial and freely distributed. Among them, the most famous database servers are Oracle, DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, InterBase, Sybase, Informix.

Corporateinformationalsystems are a development of systems for workgroups, they are aimed at large companies and can support geographically dispersed nodes or networks. Basically they have a hierarchical structure of several levels. Such systems are characterized by a client-server architecture with specialization of servers or a multi-level architecture. When developing such systems, the same database servers can be used as when developing group information systems. However, in large information systems, the most widely used servers are Oracle, DB2 and Microsoft SQL Server.

Classification of AIS by area of activity is shown in Fig. 1.2

Fig 1.2 Classification of AIS by area of activity

Automatedsystemsmanagement (ACS). Modern automated control systems are designed to assist specialists and decision-makers in obtaining timely, reliable, and the required amount of information (the central technical issue in the development of automated systems is the organization, storage and integrated use of data). Considering the widest application and diversity of this class of systems, often any speakers are understood precisely in this interpretation. This class includes automated control systems for both industrial companies and non-industrial facilities: hotels, banks, trading firms, etc. The main functions of such systems are: operational control and regulation, operational accounting and analysis, long-term and operational planning, accounting, sales management and supply and other economic and organizational tasks.

Systemsautomateddesign (CAD) are intended to automate the functions of design engineers, designers, architects, designers when creating new equipment or technology. The main functions of such systems are: engineering calculations, creation of graphic documentation (drawings, diagrams, plans), creation of design documentation, modeling of designed objects.

The design process is not only a procedure for the developer to create some new information, it includes an analysis of this problem, including the study of design goals, existing data, analogue objects, etc., clarification of critical parameters and taking into account existing factors, selection of hypothetical ways to achieve the goals goals, the actual design, calculation and optimization of units and components, modeling of individual processes, presentation of results in one form or another. All these stages make up the content of computer-aided design.

Expertsystem- a software system that uses expert knowledge to provide highly effective solutions to problems in a narrow subject area.

Expert systems - one of the few types of artificial intelligence systems - have become widespread and have found practical application. The goals of creating expert systems are computer support for solving problems. The tasks of expert systems are modeling human intelligence, developing new knowledge in a specific subject area, and supporting decision-making processes. There are expert systems in military science, geology, engineering, computer science, space technology, mathematics, medicine, meteorology, industry, agriculture, management, physics, chemistry, electronics, law, etc. And only the fact that expert systems remain very complex, expensive, and most importantly, highly specialized programs is holding back their even wider distribution.

AutomatedsystemsForscientificresearch (ASNI) are software and hardware systems that process data coming from various kinds of experimental installations and measuring instruments, and, based on their analysis, facilitate the discovery of new effects and patterns. The communication unit with the measuring equipment converts the information coming from the measuring equipment to the required form. The database stores information received from the communication unit with measuring equipment, as well as information entered in advance to ensure the operability of the system. The calculation unit, executing programs from the application software package, performs all mathematical calculations that may be necessary in the course of scientific research. Calculations can be performed at the request of the researcher himself or the simulation unit. At the same time, on the basis of mathematical models, the process occurring in the external environment is reproduced. The expert system models the reasoning of specialists in a given subject area. With its help, a researcher can classify observed phenomena and diagnose the course of the processes under study. ASNI are widely used in molecular chemistry, mineralogy, biochemistry, particle physics and many other sciences.

In the industrial sphere, the sectoral nature of the AIS hierarchy prevails. By territorial basis, the classification of AIS is shown in Fig. 1.3

Fig 1.3 Classification of AIS by territory

Depending on the organization of information processes, AIS are divided into two large classes: control and information. There is no management in information systems (automated scientific research systems - ASNI, "Library", computer-aided design systems - CAD, expert systems - ES, etc.).

According to the scope of application, AIS are classified as follows: administrative, industrial, educational, medical, military, meteorological, environmental, forensic, etc. The purpose and structure of AIS are characterized by the presence of corresponding subsystems. This class of AIS is historically one of the first in production.

3.2 Information systems of the prosecutor's office

As part of the Russian Legal Informatization Program, the Research Institute for Strengthening Law and Order under the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, based on the methodology of systemic structural analysis, also developed the Concept of creating an automated information support system for the prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation (ASIO-Prosecutor's Office). The goal of this program is to create a unified automated information environment throughout the Russian Federation, which is capable of most fully and promptly satisfying the information needs of prosecutors at all levels in the performance of their functions. A unified information environment is being created for prosecutorial authorities distributed throughout Russia and forming a three-level system:

Level 1 - General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation;

Level 2 - prosecutor's offices of the republics within the Russian Federation; prosecutor's offices of territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, autonomous regions, autonomous districts; other territorial prosecutor's offices; specialized prosecutor's offices equivalent to regional prosecutor's offices;

Level 3 - prosecutor's offices of cities and districts; specialized prosecutor's offices equivalent to district prosecutor's offices.

As part of the creation of the ASIO-Prosecutor's Office, the Program provides for the solution of the following main tasks:

organization of automated workstations (AWS) for each type of activity of the prosecutor's office and the formation of local problem-oriented databases and software and hardware tools for solving a certain logically complete group of tasks for each area of activity (supervision over the implementation of laws, protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, investigation crimes, etc.);

consolidation of local databases at each level of management (district, interdistrict, city, regional, republican, federal) into an integrated data bank and the formation of software and hardware tools that provide the possibility of collective use of data contained in the integrated bank;

combining the computing and information resources of the prosecutor's office into a single information and computing network with adaptation to the existing information infrastructure in the country;

ensuring information interaction with automated information systems and databases created in government and administrative bodies, ministries and departments of the legal sphere, other ministries and departments.

Systems used in the activities of prosecutors

As part of the implementation of ASIO-Prosecutor's Office, the following information technologies and systems have been created and are being developed today.

Information systems in the field of office work are currently represented by automated workstations that provide certain areas of work with documents that can also operate as part of a local computer network.

Current systems for registration and control of document execution include:

1. an automated information support system for the activities of the secretariat of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and his deputies;

2. systems for recording and analyzing complaints received by the central office of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, prosecutor's offices of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, district and city prosecutor's offices;

3. system for ensuring the work of the reception office of the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation;

4. systems for recording and monitoring information received by prosecutors at different levels.

The departmental electronic document management system is the basis of the information system of the prosecutor's office and is a general-purpose system.

Automation of document flow involves the coverage of all divisions of the prosecutor's office with a computer network and the formation of automated workstations in the office of each division, and in the future - at each prosecutor. Automated document flow must be protected by special software and hardware, systems for restricting access to information. As part of the first stage project, a system with such requirements has been identified for development.

Integrated statistics database. The assignment to the prosecutor's office of the functions of coordinating the activities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime has increased the importance of generalizing and analytical work with statistical information, which has necessitated the creation in the prosecutor's office of an integrated data bank of statistical indicators on the state of the rule of law and the state of crime in the Russian Federation. This data bank, along with law enforcement statistics, should also contain generalized indicators. Updated software in the form of automated workstation "Statistics" is the basis for analytical work. Information and legal funds. An urgent task for universal purposes is to provide prosecutors at all levels with legal databases. It is being resolved within the framework of an independent direction in the ASIO "Prosecutor's Office" - the creation and use of departmental information and legal funds in the prosecutor's office.

Such funds are intended mainly for organizing interdepartmental information exchange and for providing “electronic originals” of regulatory legal acts from an official source.

To deliver electronic documents with the status of an official copy to the prosecutor's office, an electronic mail mechanism is used using cryptographic protection and an electronic signature. The legal reference systems “Consultant-Plus”, “Garant”, and “Kodeks” have also become widespread in the prosecutor’s office.

Information support for personnel departments of the prosecutor's office.

The main component of information support for the activities of personnel departments is the automated information system "Personnel". It is built and technologically linked to the employee’s personal file documents: a personal personnel record sheet, a questionnaire, an employee’s personal card, orders. Information about certification is entered into the certification card, and information about the reserve is entered into the reserve card. After entering the data, the complete information is contained in the employee’s easy-to-use electronic card. Such a database makes it possible to obtain lists of employees subject to certification, or submissions for the next class rank on a certain date.

Information support for supervision over the implementation of laws by bodies carrying out operational investigative activities, inquiry and preliminary investigation. An important place in the activities of the prosecutor's office is occupied by supervision of the implementation of laws during the registration, recording and investigation of crimes. To provide information support for this activity, the Research Institute for Strengthening Law and Order under the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation has developed and introduced into the practice of the prosecutor's office a number of automated systems and sets of tasks, which are constantly being modernized, and currently require bringing into compliance with the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. To supervise the implementation of the law at the stage of initiating a criminal case, a set of tasks “Supervising the legality of resolving statements and reports of crimes” has been developed and is functioning. The information contained in the database makes it possible to constantly monitor the timeliness and validity of decisions on statements and reports of crime, to identify and suppress violations, to conduct analysis and generalizations. The investigation stage of a criminal case is informationally accompanied by the complexes of tasks “Recording of criminal cases” and “Supervision over the timing of the investigation and detention of the accused in custody.” Each of these sets of tasks contains two databases: the movement of a criminal case from the moment of its initiation until the final decision is made; information on the accused - dates of detention and arrest, qualification of the crime committed, terms of investigation and detention of the accused; the results of the investigation into the case and its consideration in court, the reasons for release from custody and other procedural decisions. The current automated system “Registration of Unsolved Murders” belongs to the sphere of supervision over the implementation of laws by bodies carrying out operational investigative activities, inquiry and preliminary investigation. Its information basis is a formalized form for a special report on intentional murders.

In order to ensure the constitutional rights of citizens, improve prosecutorial supervision over the resolution of applications and reports of missing persons and the discovery of unidentified corpses, a reference and information system with the code name “Identification” has been created. This system implements such functions as entering information about missing persons; unidentified corpses and patients who cannot report themselves; search (selection) of information on materials and criminal cases of this category; obtaining analytical reports, etc.

"Investigator's workstation." The purpose of creating this system is to optimize the work of the investigator, reduce time and improve the quality of the investigation through:

reducing the time spent searching for information, transmitting and receiving information through communication channels, including access to legislative and reference information, operational reference, investigative and forensic records of internal affairs bodies, and materials of a specific criminal case;

eliminating or minimizing errors in the application of legislation during the preliminary investigation (for example, when preparing procedural documents);

developing informed and rational decisions during the investigation of crimes, when conducting a comprehensive analysis of evidentiary, operational, regulatory, reference and other information;

the use of automated techniques when carrying out certain investigative actions and in the investigation of certain types of crimes and “expert” systems for making criminal legal and criminal procedural decisions.

The structure of the "Investigator Workstation" includes three functional blocks. The first (common name “Legal Information”) includes a regulatory legal framework that ensures a preliminary investigation. The second block (“Functional AISS”) contains methodological recommendations created to help the investigator, automated systems that carry training elements (standard document samples, article-by-article material of the Code of Criminal Procedure for investigative actions). This block of automated systems also allows the investigator to carry out individual orders from other law enforcement agencies outside the scope of the crimes he is investigating. The third block of automated systems (“Criminal Case Management”) is intended for the preparation, systematized storage and issuance of information on criminal cases under investigation, as well as suspended or completed cases, which will be stored in the database until court decisions are made on them.

4. A selection of decisions of the plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for 2008-2011. using the official website "Consultant Plus"

List of sources used

1. Computer science: textbook. - 3rd revision Ed. / ed. N.V. Makarova. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2008. - 768 p.

2. Informatics for lawyers and economists / S.V. Simonovich et al. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 688 p.

3. Mikheeva E.V. Information technologies in professional activities: textbook. allowance / E.V. Mikheeva. - M.: Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2007. - 448 p.

4. Mikheeva E.V. Workshop on information technologies in professional activities: textbook. allowance. / E.V. Mikheeva. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2007. - 256 p.

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COMPUTER TRANSLATORS

Initially, computer translation programs were intended to work on a personal computer at home and at work, or to work in local area networks. Then online translators appeared. Today there are a lot of online translator programs. In addition, the quality of their translations has improved significantly.

OPTICAL RECOGNITION SYSTEMS

Legal specialists very often face the problem of converting documents and images from paper to electronic form. However, manually entering information is time-consuming and prone to errors. In addition, you can only enter texts manually, not images. The way out of this situation is a scanner - a device that allows you to enter both images and text documents into a computer using a special program. Scanners read “analog” texts or images from paper, film or other solid media and convert them into digital format. Today they are used almost everywhere: both in large organizations and at home.

COMPUTER NETWORKS: LOCAL, WAN INTERNET When two or more computers are physically connected, a computer network is formed. A computer network is a system for exchanging information between computers.

The main purpose or purpose of a network is to provide users with access to shared resources of a computer network. A resource is a logical or physical part of a computing system that can be allocated to a user and/or process. There are three types of resources: hardware, software and information.

PROFESSIONAL BASES AND DATA BANKS

Traditional information storage systems, such as card indexes, require a lot of time to enter and further search for information, especially if the stored information is not of the same type. At the same time, in order to avoid errors, the same data must be duplicated.

An automated data bank significantly reduces the time it takes to find the necessary information. Information is the main component of the professional activity of a specialist in the field of jurisprudence.

PATTERN RECOGNITION IN FORENSICS One of the promising areas of computerization of the investigation process is the development of systems whose task is to automate the processes of searching and identifying a criminal and determining the likely locations of serial crimes. The problem of quickly identifying stolen cars can also be classified in this group of problems. Personal identification. The most complex automated systems are those that provide accounting and recognition of biometric parameters.

Identification of stolen vehicles. Since 2001, to search and identify stolen cars, Russian law enforcement agencies have been using a specialized software and hardware complex (HSC) for remote recognition of license plates "Potok" from the ROSSI-SP company. The complex consists of a video camera viewing a short section of the route and a computer connected to it. The information coming from the video camera is recorded by the computer, quickly checked against databases of stolen cars or stolen license plates, and if an identical license plate is detected, the computer immediately sounds an alarm. The processing of the license plate by a program that includes license plate recognition, its recording and checking against databases is carried out very quickly, while the vehicle is still passing the control zone of the video camera.

No!!! Question 32. Principles and problems of legal regulation of relations in the information sphere.

Legal support of state policy in the field of IT should be carried out in the following areas:

· adoption of new legislative and other regulatory legal acts that fill gaps in regulation;

· introducing changes and additions to existing legislative and other regulatory legal acts in order to adapt them to the requirements of modern development of the IT sector;

· participation in the development of international legal documents (including interstate agreements) in the field of information technology.

The principles of legal regulation in the field of IT are determined by the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 29) on the right of everyone to freedom of searching, receiving, transmitting, producing and distributing information in any legal way; peculiarities of legal relations related to information as a separate object of civil rights (Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); state policy aimed at the priority development of information technologies in the processes of modernizing the economy and increasing the efficiency of public administration; the need to ensure information security, protect intellectual property and prevent offenses committed both in the IT sector and with their use in other areas.

The principles of legal regulation specific to the IT sector include the presumption of openness of information; ensuring the reliability, safety and effective use of information that is the object of legal relations; technological neutrality. The last of these principles implies the refusal to legislate the use of certain technological solutions and the creation of any regulatory prohibitions for the development and (or) use of new technologies.

Improving legal regulation in the IT sector provides for the following stages of implementation:

· introducing amendments to basic legislative acts related to information legal relations, repealing regulatory legal acts (their individual provisions) that were ineffective or contrary to the fundamental principles of legal regulation;

· adoption of new regulatory legal acts related to IT legislation;

· adoption of by-laws and regulatory legal acts implementing measures provided for by federal laws;

· resolving issues about the feasibility and form of updating general legislative acts, including the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

The development and adoption of new regulatory legal acts, adjustments to the current regulatory framework must be accompanied by research aimed at clarifying the main legal problems in the IT field and the best ways to solve them, and systematic monitoring of the practice of applying existing regulatory legal acts.

2. INFORMATION, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTER LEGAL ADVISORY SERVICES

2.1. THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION AND ITS VALUE FOR THE LEGAL SYSTEM

Information is a strategic product, but with the advent of modern computer technology, it also began to act as one of the most important resources for scientific and technological progress and the transformation of society. The highest priority activity today is the formation of an information society - a society in which the processes of collecting, processing, analyzing, transmitting information, i.e. information and communication technologies occupy a major place in various spheres of human activity.

Information is divided into three main types: 1) by scope (mass, legal, scientific and technical, political, social, statistical, etc.); 2) by access mode (open and limited access); 3) by type of media (paper, machine).

In any society, information performs certain functions,

To The main ones include the following:

integrative - uniting members of society and social groups into a single whole;

communicative− communication and mutual understanding;

instrumental− participation in the organization of production and management;

cognitive - a means of reflecting objective reality and transmitting data.

Information plays a particularly significant role in management activities, which include legal activities.

However, an analysis of the literature, including legal literature, and the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating information relations shows that there is no precise and unambiguous definition of the concept “information”. The views of scientists on this issue are quite diverse and not always unambiguous.

Article 2 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and information protection” defines information in the form of information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation.

Information theory defines information as a means of removing the “uncertainty” (entropy) of an event or object of knowledge.

Information is defined both as messages about events occurring in the legal system of society (M.M. Rassolov), and as data, characteristics

representing the object of knowledge, which can be identified by the cognizing subject in one or another reflection of the cognizable object (N.S. Polevoy), and as a set of legislation (arrays of legal acts) and law enforcement practice (V.E. Krasnyansky).

In everyday life, information is understood as messages that interest us. Consequently, in various studies, in legislation ter-

min “information” is used mainly in one meaning – as information, data, knowledge.

However, the above concepts do not allow us to determine the essence of the information, to remove the questions that arise regarding its content, in particular: why, using the same source (film, book, conversation with a person and other sources), different people receive different information ; or why the same person from the same source, for example, examining a table, can, depending on the method used (vision, smell, touch, examination of the table material), record completely different information. Therefore, to define information, it is important to understand that it is formed from data, but the content of the information depends not only on them, but also on the methods by which the data is reproduced. Methods can be natural (human sensory organs), hardware, software, etc.

Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the most accurate definition of the concept of information to date was proposed by a team of authors led by S.V. Simonovich: “Information is a dynamic object, a product of the interaction of data and methods, considered in the context of this interaction.”

The work of any legal system, as discussed, is always associated with the collection, processing and use of information. Law enforcement agencies collect and process incoming information, initiate and investigate criminal cases on its basis. The legal proof procedure is built from separate operations of searching and evaluating various types of information. In this case, it is necessary to find such quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the initial data about the object of knowledge that would allow us to obtain information about it necessary for determining the truth in the ongoing legal research.

tion. Thus, Without information exchange, neither the existence of the system nor its management is possible . With the help of information:

first, the interconnection and interaction of all elements of legal mechanisms is carried out, their unification into the legal system of society, the connection of legal entities with the external environment; secondly, information is the basis of all stages of legal influence. Based on complete and timely information, movement occurs in the direction of the goals set, and optimal decisions are made.

The main components of a lawyer’s activity include the following:

1) work with social and legal information (its search, evaluation, selection, systematization, study, analysis, processing, etc.);

2) understanding the problem, assessing the situation taking into account its expected changes and putting forward hypotheses;

3) determination of optimal or rational ways and means of accomplishing the task;

4) implementation of interpersonal contacts (conversations, interrogations, discussions, etc.);

5) analysis (logical, professional) of initial data and evidence;

6) making decisions;

7) preparation of documents (protocols, certificates, decisions, etc.);

8) control of execution and legality.

A legal specialist implements the subject of his professional activity on the basis of various information - scientific, social, legal, economic and other. The managerial staff of legal statistical bodies spends up to 80% of their time working with information; investigators spend more than 40% of their time processing information alone.

Previously (and in some places even today), information circulating in legal systems was processed by local administration employees, judges, prosecutors, government arbitrators, investigators and other specialists, mainly manually. The storage of this information was carried out, as a rule, using the simplest means - cards of legislative materials: cards for recording directives, orders, instructions, books on crime analysis, magazines, folders with reports, etc.

With the increase in the volume of information, a situation arose when the existing means of working with information in the legal system became significantly outdated and began to lag behind modern needs, this led to overload of workers and a decrease in the quality of their work.

2.2. INFORMATIZATION OF SOCIETY AND ITS LEGAL SYSTEM, IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATIZATION FOR JURIPRUDENCE

Modern society is distinguished by the priority of information over the products of material production, the establishment of a market economy, updating legislation, informatization of all spheres of activity, including legal, the formation in Russia of a unified information and legal space, Electronic government, ensuring the information security of citizens and the state, the development of the information services industry, the creation information law, entry into the global information space.

As practice shows, one of the most effective ways to increase a lawyer’s productivity at present is the use of information and communication technologies based on modern computers. Solving professional problems with the help of information and communication technologies makes it possible to influence the quality and efficiency of all legal activities, and increase the productivity of specialists by an average of three times.

Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting primary information to obtain information of new quality. Article 2 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” states that “information technologies” are processes, methods of searching, collecting, storing, processing, providing, distributing information and methods of implementing such processes and methods.

In Russia, over the years, concepts and programs for informatization of legal institutions and organizations have been developed and adopted. For example: decrees of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 28, 1993 No. 966 “On the concept of legal informatization of Russia”, dated August 4, 1995 No. 808 “On presidential programs for legal informatization”, dated December 19, 1995 No. 1272 “On information -telecommunications support of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation"; federal laws “On information, informatization and information protection” (repealed), “On information, information technologies and information protection”; orders of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated January 21, 2000 No. 10 “On approval of the Concept of Informatization of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation”, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation dated July 10, 1995 No. 263 “On the procedure for introducing standard software and hardware for informatization of internal affairs bodies”; Federal target program “Electronic Russia (2002 – 2010)”; in 1999, the Concept of informatization of courts of general jurisdiction and the Judicial Department system was developed, which received approval from the judicial community; Concept for the use of information technologies in the activities of federal government bodies until 2010 (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation

dated September 27, 2004 No. 1244-r), etc.

According to these legislative acts, the prosecutor's office, court, other departments, non-profit and commercial law firms are equipped with modern computer equipment and information and communication technologies. So announced on June 13, 2002 by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 562 “Concept for the development of the information and computing system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for 2002 - 2006.” is aimed at solving two interrelated tasks: increasing the efficiency of using information resources existing in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and ensuring

care for the development of the information and computing system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as a system that integrates information resources of internal affairs bodies based on promising technologies for their processing. The implementation of the provisions of this Concept will ensure the transition to the creation of a unified information space of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and in the future to the formation of a unified information space of law enforcement, control, supervisory and financial authorities of the Russian Federation based on the integration of their information resources into a unified information and telecommunication environment.

Thus, solving the problems of informatization is based on the creation of automated information networks at different levels of management. It is especially important to create local networks at the department level in order to ensure more rational data exchange and use of data received by information centers. The functioning of such networks facilitates the organization of paperless information exchange between services and departments and the use of automated workstations.

Several areas of informatization can be distinguished:

1) creation of a Nationwide Legal Information System;

2) informatization of law-making activities;

3) informatization of law enforcement activities;

4) informatization of law enforcement activities.

In particular, work on informatization of courts, bodies and institutions of justice was carried out on the basis of a pre-project survey of these bodies and institutions, carried out in 1990, as well as numerous decisions and a plan for the phased introduction of computer technology into the activities of justice bodies and courts for 1991 - 1994 ., approved by the Minister of Justice. According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “Issues of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation” dated July 24, 1997, work was carried out to create a unified information and telecommunications support system for the Ministry of Justice of Russia, the central node of which is the Main Information and Analytical Center (GIAC), its divisions exist in all regions of the country.

The center was created on March 29, 1968 in order to improve the information support of the central apparatus of the Ministry to solve problems of complex automation of accounting and computing work; it was called the Information and Computing Center (ICC). On November 9, 1970, to improve the system for collecting and processing information and using it in operational and official activities, the Main Information Center under the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs was created on the basis of the Information Computing Center. In November 1971, the State Research Center was transformed into the Main Research Center for Management and Information (GNITSUI). SNITsUI was entrusted with the tasks of scientific development of problems of improving control systems and

information in internal affairs bodies, on the management of accounting, registration and information activities; providing the apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, internal affairs bodies, and other departments with operational, statistical, scientific and technical information. On November 4, 1985, GNITSUI was again renamed the Main Information Center (GIC) of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Mass introduction of personal computers in the late 1980s. made it possible to bring information storage and processing systems as close as possible to direct consumers - practical workers. The use of powerful computers and teleprocessing systems opened up new prospects in computerizing the activities of internal affairs bodies. In 2003, the State Research Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was entrusted with the functions of managing, coordinating and monitoring the processes of implementation and use of modern information technologies in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and the formation of a unified scientific and technical policy in the internal affairs bodies.

IN In 2004, in order to improve the information support of the country's internal affairs bodies, the Program “Creation of a unified information and telecommunication system of internal affairs bodies”, designed for 2005 – 2008. The Program included the following subprograms: “Reconstruction and technical re-equipment of information centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Main Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Internal Affairs Directorate in transport”, “Creation of a system of interregional automated data banks of fingerprint information of federal districts and the federal automated fingerprint information system (ADIS-GIC) and development of a network of software and hardware complexes AFIS at the regional level,” “Creation of an automated information retrieval system for biometric personal identification by facial image for 2005–2006.”

IN In accordance with the new tasks, the State Information Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was transformed into the Main Center in November 2004 information and analytical center of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

IN In 2011, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia created a new division - the Department of Information Technologies, Communications and Information Protection. The unit is faced with the task of “pulling together and intensifying all previous work in this direction, fundamentally changing the system of interaction between the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the population.” According to the head of the department, a gradual transition to the provision of public services in electronic form is planned. One of the main tasks of the department is to unite all existing disparate electronic systems into a single telecommunication system that will unite the internal affairs bodies, internal troops and, possibly, the Federal Migration Service (FMS), “To make it easier for any internal affairs officer, district police officer or operative work" .

The main link in the process of informatization of the legal sphere of society is the creation in Russia of a nationwide automated system of legal information, which will unite the subsystems of all regions of the country, all legal bodies and authorities.

A negative result of the informatization of society has been the emergence of a new type of crime, the so-called “computer” crimes, since the criminal world has always been armed with the most modern means of committing crimes, today these are computer information technologies. The development of computer information technologies, the widespread use of computers, and their integration into telecommunication networks expand the possibility of penetration into “foreign” information resources, i.e. lead to new ways of committing crimes.

Thus, there is an increase in socially dangerous acts with the help of or against computer technology.

All of the above serves as a prerequisite for the use of computer technology by legal authorities and creates the need to prepare legal personnel to work in new conditions - in the modern information environment. A legal specialist today must not only be able to solve crimes committed using a computer, but also freely use computer information technologies in his professional activities.

However, it must be remembered that solving legal problems with the help of technical means and information technologies requires the development of informal and formalized algorithms and programs for working with information. These can be algorithms and programs for the process of lawmaking, legal regulation, consideration of cases in court, the movement of information from law enforcement agencies to companies, automation of the search for information about offenses among those working at enterprises in the region, district, and many others.

Algorithmization of the information process in the field of law and solving a legal problem comes down to dividing this process into the simplest stages. Drawing up an algorithm here requires detailing the phenomena and processes under consideration, their division and connection, which in some cases is associated with certain difficulties, especially if we are talking about drawing up a formalized algorithm (for example, determining the size of work experience), which must be performed on a computer.

In the field of law, there are a number of forms of writing an algorithm. The predominant form is the verbal form of describing information processes in legal entities, as well as solving legal problems. When using this form, you must adhere to the following rules: carefully select words, strictly arrange phrases and texts.

In connection with the use of mathematical methods and computer technology in law, flowchart and graphical representation of algorithms has become widespread.

When representing an algorithm in a block diagram, the process or phenomenon under consideration is divided into blocks, which are combined into one common diagram. The transfer of control from one block to another is indicated by arrows with explanatory inscriptions.

The graphical representation of the algorithm is associated with the design of geometric and other figures, connections, lines that indicate the implementation of the process of solving legal information problems.

2.3. CLASSES OF PROBLEMS SOLVED USING COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES

When solving and investigating crimes, both universal and special software can be used (Fig. 2.1). Universal general-purpose programs not only increase labor productivity and efficiency in detecting and investigating crimes, but also raise it to a qualitatively new level.

	Text	Graphic
	editors and	Graphic
	editors and	editors
	processors	editors
	processors
Electronic		Electronic

AIPS, AISS and	informational		Computer
AIPS, AISS and	and communication		Computer
	and communication		translators
	technologies
Consulting	for lawyers
(expert)			management
			databases
	Software	Optical systems
	facilities	themes recognized
	preparation	symbols and
	presentations	images

Rice. 2.1. List of information and communication technologies,

used in the work of a lawyer:

AIPS – automated information retrieval systems; AISS – automated information and reference systems; AILS – automated information and logical systems

Universal programs include: word processors,

graphic editor(Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, Paint), database management systems, spreadsheet editors, character recognition programs, presentation editors(PowerPoint), editor

publication ry, computer translators.

Special software (software) includes pro-

grams designed to solve a specific legal problem,

for example AIPS, which will be discussed later.

With the help of information technologies, legal authorities can solve the following classes of problems:

1) data processing using mathematical calculations (statistical indicators of crime investigations, processing of questionnaires);

2) logical tasks (logical reasoning that allows you to evaluate the truth of a certain statement based on data);

3) typing, editing and formatting text;

4) creation and processing of graphic images, including scanned ones;

5) creating databases and working with them;

6) translation of foreign text;

7) communications and communications;

8) conducting certain types of examinations;

9) decision support;

10) creating presentations.

2.4. MAIN TYPES OF SPECIALIZED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES USED

IN LEGAL ACTIVITY

The history of work on legal informatization in our country dates back to the 1970s. in accordance with decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The solution to this problem was entrusted to the Ministry of Justice. At first, the information centers of the internal affairs bodies were equipped with electronic computers of the Minsk-22, Minsk-32 type, then with ES and SM type computers, which were used mainly for processing statistical data. The weakness of the technical base and the lack of developed software did not allow the implementation of the concept of a unified database, both at the regional and federal levels.

However, it should be noted that already in the 1970s, for example, the Central Leningrad Scientific Research Laboratory of Forensic Expertise (LNILSE) used computers when conducting forensic handwriting and automotive expert research.

The first automated operational-search records in the 1970s, such as automated information retrieval systems

the topics “Wanted”, “Passport”, “Accounting”, “Network”, etc., were ahead of similar developments in developed foreign countries. But the history of the development of computer technology in the activities of law enforcement agencies in our country also has negative aspects. In particular, the information and analytical system “Passport”, designed to control and search for information about the movements of citizens across the borders of our state, with the help of which major frauds involving the illegal export of antiques and jewelry from the country were uncovered, crimes related to smuggling and international speculation in on a large scale, was withdrawn from service and liquidated at the direction of the top leadership of the Soviet Union as “violating human rights.”

The main computer technologies used today by legal bodies and organizations include various automated information systems (AIS):

1) automated data processing systems ( ASOD);

2) automated information retrieval systems

(AIPS); 3) automated information and reference systems

(AISS);

4) automated workstations ( AWP);

5) automated control systems ( ACS);

6) expert systems ( ES) or systems to support the adoption of re-

Automated system– a system consisting of personnel

And a set of automation tools for its activities, implementing information technology to perform established functions.

AIS (Data Bank) is a set of structured data (database) and a set of hardware and software tools for storing and manipulating data (Fig. 2.2). ( Under structuring

They take the process of adapting data to the needs of the machine, for example, limiting the length and values of data, i.e. introduction of conventions on how data will be presented).

Technical		Organizational
security		security

Mathematical		Informational
Mathematical		Informational
security		security
security		security

Software		Legal
security		security
	Rice. 2.2. Composition of the data bank

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Access of citizens to state secrets provides for:

a) accepting obligations to the state to not disseminate information entrusted to them that constitutes a state secret;

b) written consent to partial, temporary restrictions on their rights in accordance with Article 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On State Secrets”;

c) written consent for inspection activities to be carried out in relation to them by the authorized bodies;

d) determination of the types, sizes and procedures for providing social guarantees provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

e) familiarization with the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation on state secrets, providing for liability for its violation;

f) the decision by the head of the organization (in writing) on ​​the admission of the citizen being registered to information constituting a state secret.

2. What contracts should a citizen be offered to conclude 3. upon admission? e to work?

In accordance with Art. 58 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Duration of the employment contract

Employment contracts can be concluded:

1) for an indefinite period;

2) for a certain period of not more than five years (fixed-term employment contract), unless a different period is established by this Code and other federal laws.

Task 54

By the verdict of the district court, R. was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of three years. The regional prosecutor filed a supervisory protest, believing that a suspended sentence should be applied to the convicted person.

Which court should consider the protest; what is the order of his ra With looking?

And

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1. Information and information technology

Since the mid-twentieth century, a gradual transition from an industrial to an information society began.

The criteria for the development of the information society are:

· widespread use of personal computers;

· level of development of computer networks;

· the number of people employed in the information sector.

In Article 2 of the Federal Law A dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and information protection”, the concept of information is enshrined. Information - information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation.

Technology (Greek techne - art, skill, skill) is a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, shape of something carried out in the production process. Information technology views information as an object in order to obtain and use it in the most effective way.

Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product).

1.1 Information consulting and the legal system

Object informationalconsulting is the state of the information environment of the consulted organization, and the subject is the search for opportunities to satisfy the various information needs of the organization.

Functionsinformationalconsulting:

4. In addition, this function is associated with conducting comprehensive analytical research in the field of production of products and services, as well as identifying those factors, trends and patterns that have a decisive impact on the results of the enterprise in the information society.

6. Educationalfunction is associated with the organization and conduct of educational events both on information technologies and on the effectiveness of their use in the relevant sector of the economy.

1.2 Computer legal consulting systems

AIS in consulting allow you to structure information into sections, while integrating it into a single system that helps the user solve a number of important tasks, namely:

* Conducting a comprehensive survey of the enterprise.

* Drawing diagrams of business processes, structuring information flows.

* Analytical activities, analysis and optimization of document flow.

* Analysis, assessment and optimization of the organizational structure of the enterprise.

The leading positions in the market of technologies offered for this segment are occupied by:

1. AIS "Consulting. Standard" is a collection of current legal, tax and accounting materials presented in the form of useful practical tools.

5. Legal reference system GARANT. The information bank of the system is built on a modular principle and includes 25 specialized blocks for all sections of Russian legislation and 135 blocks for the legislation of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, etc.

SPS "Garant"

1.3 Problem-oriented consulting

According to T.Ya. Danelyan consulting (in a general sense) has three types of activities:

1. On general legal issues (legal consulting) or general consulting.

2. For a specific type of activity (for a production function) - functional consulting.

The author classifies information consulting by areas of action:

legal consulting;

information consulting;

general consulting (passive consulting);

marketing consulting;

consulting on feasibility studies of enterprise activities;

problem-oriented consulting (dynamic consulting);

consulting on production activities (functional consulting).

In addition to direct analysis of the function of the enterprise, functional consulting can give recommendations on the prospects for the development of the enterprise, using the results of statistical simulation modeling of the activities of production facilities.

IRS - information retrieval system - is a set of linguistic, technical and algorithmic tools designed for storing, searching and issuing information.

Both ISS and IPS implement two types of functions:

1) storage of information about objects and knowledge displayed in documents that form information arrays of answers (creation of a knowledge base);

2) organization of information reflecting the user’s information need, which is called a request (organization of responses).

To organize arrays of answers and queries, all information systems and information systems work with a specially organized body of knowledge, which is called a thesaurus (Danelyan, 2009, P.151).

Any information technologies used to automate consulting (information consulting systems), built on the principle of IPS and ISS, are defined:

1. Operating modes (centralized, decentralized);

2. Operating modes (dialog, batch);

3. Methods of organizing work (network and individual), as well as;

4. Providing:

software (standard PPP, original PPP),

technical (PC, networks, workstation),

information (means of maintaining information),

functional,

empowering (legal and judicial, linguistic and administrative).

Based on the focus of problem-oriented consulting, its main functions are:

2. Satellite anti-theft search system "Arkan"

Arkan satellite security alarms are currently the most reliable and modern solution in the field of protecting mobile objects - this statement is confirmed by data received from the company's partners, insurance companies, response services, and most importantly from system users.

Advantages of Arkan satellite anti-theft systems:

· Data transmission from the system installed in the car to the dispatch center is carried out via two communication channels: via a radio channel operating at frequencies from 146 to 174 MHz; and also via GSM channel;

· The security alarm system cannot be scanned, intercepted, jammed or suppressed;

· The location of the vehicle is determined using GPS/GLONASS systems, as well as using a network of Arkan’s own direction finders;

· It is not possible to prepare a car for theft at the system installation stage, thanks to the hidden logic of the operation of these systems;

f) the decision by the head of the organization (in writing) on the admission of the citizen being registered to information constituting a state secret.

Classification of AIS by area of activity is shown in Fig. 1.2

Fig 1.2 Classification of AIS by area of activity