Which acts as the initial form: kind - kinder, more/less kind, kindest, kindest, kindest of all.
Expresses the attribute of a given object without comparison with the attribute of another object; it is neutral in relation to the degree of manifestation of the attribute.
comparative
Comparative forms indicate:
1. A characteristic that is manifested to a greater extent in one object than in another.
- Elbrus higher Kazbek.
- This first sound was followed by another, harder And lingering...
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- Further experiments were more complex than the previous ones.
- (Academician I.P. Pavlov)
2. A feature that manifests itself differently in the same object at different times is contained either to a greater or to a lesser extent.
- I am now more modest became in desires,
- My life or you I dreamed of...
- (S. A. Yesenin)
- Faith has become more reserved what it was.
The comparative degree can be simple(consist of one word) and composite(consist of two words).
Comparative degree education
| Adjective initial form | Comparative degree means of education | Comparative adjective |
| spicy interesting nonsensical | Simple form -her (-to her) | sharp her (to her) interesting her more pointless |
Adjectives with stems g, k, x, d, t, st hot quiet Expensive young steep | -e+ alternation of final consonant stem | hot e hush e dear e younger e steep e |
Adjectives with suffixes - To -, -OK -(-ek -) bottom to th high ok | -e+ truncation of suffixes - To -, -OK -(-ek -) | bottom e higher e |
long thin | -she+ truncation of the final consonant of the stem g, k | share she tone she |
high big | By - + -she(-e) | on higher for more |
good bad small | from other bases | better worse less |
| solid weak sweet | Compound form words more, less | harder less weak sweeter |
Qualitative adjectives with suffixes do not have a simple comparative form - sk -, -ov -, -l -, -n -(they don’t even have short forms!): friendly, mass, blood, emaciated, etc. This also includes adjectives with the suffix - To - such as fusible, bulky, heavy, individual non-derivative words (flat, decrepit, proud, sloping) and words denoting the colors of animals: brown, savrasy, etc.
Superlative
Superlative forms indicate:
1. A characteristic that is manifested in a given object to the highest degree or more than in all other objects.
- Elbrus - highest from the Caucasus mountains.
- In this group Ivanov - the most capable And hardworking student.
- you today the best.
2. The maximum degree of quality without comparison with other objects, including as part of stable expressions: the kindest soul, the worst enemy.
- Arrived the most important stage in your life.
- Everything needs to be figured out the smallest details.
Superlative education
| Adjective initial form | Educational means of superlatives | Superlative adjective |
| strict brief quiet high | Simple form -aish -+ alternation of final consonant stem | watchman aishiy kratch aishiy hush aishiy high aishiy |
brave wonderful | -eish - | brave eishiy wonderful eishiy |
high ok Beautiful | nai -+ -sh- (truncation of suffix - OK -) nai - + -eish - | highest the most beautiful |
good bad small | from other bases | best worst less |
| solid accessible | Compound form the word is the most | the hardest the most affordable |
loyal funny | words most, least | most faithful least fun |
sad smart interesting | compare step. adj. + genitive case of the pronoun all - all | saddest of all smarter than everyone else the most interesting of all |
Qualitative adjectives with suffixes do not form a simple superlative form - sk -, -n -, -ov -(-ev -), -To -, -ast -, -ist -: native, businesslike, loud, vociferous, colorful, spreading, thoroughbred, many words with suffixes - Liv -, -chiv -, -ovat - (-evat -): turbulent, talkative, whitish.
Here
Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree of an adjective indicates that a characteristic characteristic of an object is manifested in it to a greater or lesser extent than in another object or objects:
Your briefcase is heavier than mine.
Your briefcase is heavier than mine.
The superlative degree indicates that in some one way the subject is superior to all other subjects:
Yerevan is the most ancient city in the world.
The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and compound.
Simple form of comparative adjective
is formed by adding the suffixes -ee (-ee), -e, -she to the base of the initial form of the adjective:
kind - kinder, young - younger, thin - thinner.
The suffix of adjectives -k- (-ok-, -ek-) can be dropped if a simple
the comparative form is formed using the suffixes -e, -she.
In this case, there is also an alternation of consonants in the root:
low - lower, high - higher, thin - thinner.
Some adjectives have a comparative form with a different stem:
good is better, bad is worse, small is smaller.
The forms of the comparative degree in -ee(s), -e, -she can be joined by the prefix po-, which enhances or softens the degree of manifestation of the characteristic in one of the objects:
kinder (s), softer, thinner.
These forms, as well as forms like bolder, are characteristic of colloquial speech:
By nightfall the wind became stronger. The nights have become warmer.
The simple form of the comparative degree is unchangeable,
has no endings, but acts as a predicate in a sentence
or (less commonly) definitions:
Kind words are better than soft pie. Put on a warm coat.
The simple form of the comparative degree cannot be formed from all adjectives (timid, tall, businesslike, etc.).
The compound form of the comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the initial form of the adjective:
fast - faster, loud - less loud.
The second word in the compound form of the comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number:
deeper snow, deeper river, along deeper rivers.
Adjectives in the compound form of the comparative degree in a sentence can be predicates and modifiers:
Our arguments are more subtle and profound. No one could give more convincing arguments.
When forming a compound comparative form
Avoid mistakes like more beautiful.
The superlative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and compound.
The simple superlative form of adjectives is formed by adding the suffixes -eysh- (-aysh-) to the base of the initial form of the adjective:
modest - the most modest, great - the greatest.
Before -aysh- there is an alternation of consonants:
strict - the strictest, quiet - the quietest.
The suffix -k- may appear: close - closest.
The simple form of the superlative degree changes according to gender, number,
cases. In a sentence it is a predicate or (less often) a definition:
The journey is most interesting. This was a story about an interesting journey.
The simple superlative form is most often used in literary speech.
The difficulty of using qualitative adjectives also lies in the ability to form them degrees of comparison.
- Positive degree it is the simplest for all adjectives, since it simply says that a given attribute is present in the subject: cheerful, bright etc.
- comparative indicates that some feature is manifested in an object to a greater or lesser extent. This degree is formed only from qualitative adjectives. It can be simple and complex. A simple one is formed with the help of parts of a word - morphemes, and a complex one - with the help of additional words. Moreover, words in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change, that is, they are not inflected.
Ways to form a simple comparative degree:
⇒Do not form a simple comparative form:
- adjectives that have become qualitative from possessive and relative: golden (guy), fox (character);
- adjectives that do not change in degrees, as they denote a constant attribute: blind, deaf, single;
- adjectives with suffixes - SK-, -ESK-, -OV-, -K-, -ONK-, -OVAT-, etc.: caustic, friendly, businesslike, small, whitish;<.li>
- adjectives denoting animal colors: black, gray, bay.
Moreover, words in the form of a complex comparative degree can easily be declined according to cases, genders and numbers.
Ways to form simple superlatives:
⇒Words that do not form the simple superlative form:
- those that do not form the form of the simple comparative degree (see above);
- individual adjectives with the suffixes -CHIV-, -LIV-, -K-: hot, trusting;
- adjectives with suffixes -IST-, -AST-: big-eyed, vocal.
Adjectives (Adjectives) are words that express qualities, characteristics of objects. They answer the question Which?. In a sentence, they usually define a noun. In English they do not change either by gender, or by number, or by case:
a little girl - little girl
a little boy - little boy
little children - little children
With a little boy - with a little boy.
Adjectives change only by degrees of comparison (Degrees of Comparison). There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives: positive (Positive Degree), comparative (Comparative Degree), excellent (Superlative Degree).
Rules for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives.
Adjectives in the positive degree do not have any endings, for example: quick (fast), slow (slow), old (old), new (new). The comparative and superlative degrees are formed using the suffixes -er and -est or by adding the words more (more) and most (most). The choice of method depends on the original form of the adjective.
Monosyllabic and some two-syllable adjectives form the comparative degree with the suffix -er, and the superlative degree with the suffix -est. Using the suffixes -er, -est, degrees of comparison are formed into two-syllable adjectives ending in -er, -ow, -y, -le (clever, narrow, early, simple).
Here are some examples:
One- and two-syllable adjectives
| Positive degree | comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| high - high | higher – higher, higher | highest - the highest |
| small - small | smaller - less | smallest – smallest, smallest |
| strong - strong | stronger – stronger, stronger | strongest - the strongest |
| cheap - cheap | cheaper - cheaper, cheaper | cheapest - the cheapest |
| quick - fast | quicker - faster | quickest - the fastest |
| new - new | newer – newer | newest - the newest |
| clean - clean | cleaner – cleaner, cleaner | cleanest - the cleanest |
| cold - cold | colder – colder, colder | coldest - the coldest |
| short - short | shorter - shorter, shorter | shortest - the shortest |
| great – great, big | greater - more | greatest – the greatest, greatest |
| weak - weak | weaker - weaker | weakest - the weakest |
| deep – deep | deeper – deeper, deeper | deepest - the deepest |
| low - low | lower - lower | lowest - the lowest |
| clever - smart | cleverer – smarter, more intelligent | cleverest – smartest, most intelligent |
| narrow - narrow | narrower - narrower | narrowest - the narrowest |
| shallow - small | shallower - smaller | shallowest - the smallest |
When writing, certain spelling rules must be followed.
1. If an adjective has a short vowel and ends in one consonant, then in the comparative and superlative degrees this consonant is doubled:
big – bigger – biggest
big - bigger - biggest, biggest
Fat – fatter – fattest
thick, fatty – thicker – the thickest
Wet-wetter-wettest
wet, humid – more humid – the most humid
Sad – sadder – saddest
sad, sad – sadder – saddest
thin – thinner – thinnest
thin, thin – thinner – thinnest
2. If the adjective ends with a letter -y with a preceding consonant, then in the comparative and superlative degrees the letter y changes to i:
Easy – easier – easiest
light - lighter - lightest, lightest
early – earlier – earliest
early – earlier – earliest
dry – drier – driest
dry, arid – drier – driest
But the word shy (shy, fearful) does not obey this rule and forms degrees of comparison as follows:
shy – shyer – shyest.
3. If the adjective ends with a letter -e, then in the comparative and superlative degrees it is added -r, -st:
wide – wider – widest
wide - wider - widest, widest
late – later – latest
late – later – the latest
fine – finer – finest
good, wonderful – better – the best
simple – simpler – simplest
simple - simpler - simplest
Polysyllabic adjectives, i.e. Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables form degrees of comparison using the words more for the comparative degree and most for the superlative degree. Consider the following examples:
Polysyllabic adjectives
| Positive degree | comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| interesting - interesting | more interesting – more interesting | most interesting - the most interesting |
| beautiful – beautiful | more beautiful - more beautiful | most beautiful - the most beautiful |
| expensive - expensive | more expensive - more expensive | most expensive - the most expensive |
| difficult - difficult | more difficult – more difficult | most difficult - the most difficult |
| dangerous – dangerous | more dangerous – more dangerous | most dangerous - the most dangerous |
| important - important | more important - more important | most important - the most important |
| comfortable - convenient | more comfortable - more comfortable | most comfortable - the most convenient |
In the same way, i.e. Using the words more for the comparative degree and most for the superlative degree, some two-syllable words that end in -ed and - are formed into degrees of comparison.
Qualitative adjectiveshave degrees of comparison. They express a greater or lesser degree of quality in a given item compared to another item.
For example: (My house is more beautiful than your house). sometimes the comparison is made within the same object (increase or decrease) at different periods of its development, i.e. at the present moment, compared to his past state.
For example: (Demand for the product has become higher than last year).
Adjectives have two degrees of comparison:
comparative;
excellent.
1.Comparative degree of adjective means that some characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent in one object than in another.
For example: I'm happier than you. Your briefcase is heavier than mine. My dog is smarter than yours.
The comparative degree is:
A) simple
B) difficult
A) Simple comparative degree formed using suffixes:
“her”(s): For example: handsome - more beautiful, smart - smarter, cold - colder;
"e" (with or without alternation of the last consonant of the base):
For example: big - larger, short - shorter, sweet - sweeter;
“she”: For example: old – older, young – younger.
Sometimes a different root is used to form the comparative degree of an adjective.
Good is better, bad is worse, small is smaller.
Adjectives in the simple comparative form do not change and have no endings!
B) Complex comparative degree is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective using the particles more and less.
Big – more (less) big, beautiful – more (less) beautiful.
2) Superlative adjectives.
The superlative degree shows that some attribute is manifested in a given object to the greatest extent, compared with the same attribute in other similar objects.
This is my best game; He is the smartest boy in the class.
Superlatives are:
A) simple
B) difficult
The superlative degree of an adjective can change according to gender, number and case.
(We have approached the highest mountains).
A) Simple superlative is formed using the suffixes “eysh”, “aysh”.
For example: The stupidest, the deepest, the rarest, the closest
Sometimes a different root is used to form the superlative degree of an adjective.
For example: Good is the best, bad is the worst.
B) Complex superlative is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective using the particles most, most and least.
For example: Small - the smallest, the smallest, the least small, smart - the most intelligent, the most intelligent, the least intelligent.
Superlative adjectives, like full forms of positive adjectives, change according to gender, number and case.
Publication date: 01/28/2012 17:58 UTC
- Morphological analysis of the adjective in Russian.
- Full and short forms of adjectives. Declension and spelling of case forms of adjectives in Russian.
- The concept of an adjective. Morphological features of adjectives. Classes of adjectives in Russian.
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