Semantic field time n thick. Definition and structure of the semantic field. Key words, abstract

In linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century, one of the main issues is the relationship between language and culture. Modern science of language is actively developing directions in which language is considered as a “cultural code of a nation.” Researchers note that language is the main custodian and carrier of ethnocultural information, the exponent of a certain national mentality. Language records the historical past of a nation, way of life, traditions, customs of people, national-cultural identity of character and unique psychology of the people, value priorities and originality of spiritual life (Maslova 2001: 9; Telia 1996: 235).

Based on this understanding of the relationship between language and culture at the end of the 20th century. A new scientific direction has emerged and is actively developing - linguoculturology, the object of which is the interaction of language, which acts as a translator of cultural information, and culture as the historical memory of the people. Ethnolinguistics, the subject of which is language in its relationship with ethnicity, the place and role of language in society, is closely related to linguoculturology.

In the aspect of linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics, the worldview of a people at each synchronous section of its history is not homogeneous: the cultural-national palette is characterized by a multiplicity of attitudes, understanding of similar situations or phenomena from different positions, so that speakers of any language focus on different aspects of situations or different hypostases of the phenomenon. Stereotypes, as a rule, do not belong to the entire people as a whole, but to some of their social and dialect groups. Therefore, modern linguistics studies not only the features of the linguistic reflection of the world by large groups - a nation, people, ethnic group, but also a territorially limited society, and there is already experience in describing and modeling the linguistic picture of the world on lexical dialect material.

Thus, research in regional linguistics has also become the focus of new scientific paradigms. The increased attention of scientists in recent years to the problems of the development and functioning of folk dialects is largely due to the awareness of their importance as guardians of the uniqueness of national linguistic pictures of the world and the significant contribution of dialects to national speech cultures (Goldin 1997: 3).

According to E.V. Brysina, a territorial dialect is a means of communication between the population of a historically established region with specific ethnographic features and serves as a universal form of accumulation and transmission of the ethnocultural originality of the linguistic picture of the world of dialect speakers, which manifests itself, first of all, at its lexical and phraseological level (Brysina 20036: 6).

Each ethnic group differs only in its inherent ways of perceiving the surrounding reality, which are formed on the basis of its own practical exploration of the world, relying on traditions and customs, taking into account cultural attitudes and the specifics of ethnic consciousness. And one of the most important components of ethnic consciousness is the people’s ideas about time. They reflect not only the biological rhythms of the life of an ethnic group, but also the stages of its cultural development, the pace of its evolutionary movement. In the ways of perception and awareness of time, many cultural stereotypes are revealed, reflecting common features in the vision of the world by representatives of one or another ethnic group (Dmitryuk 2000: 208).

According to A.Ya. Gurevich, time, along with such significant concepts as space, reason, being, fate, etc., belongs to the defining categories of human consciousness, which in each individual culture are interconnected and form a “model of the world” - a kind of “coordinate grid” , through which people perceive reality and build an image of the world that exists in their minds. A person is not born with a sense of time; his temporal and spatial concepts are always determined by the culture to which he belongs” (Gurevich 1969: 105). Consequently, we can talk about the ethnic uniqueness of the perception of time by representatives of a particular society.

Temporal semantics is presented in the Russian language as a complex interaction of grammatical and lexical means, and the latter are of particular interest today as a building material that forms a temporal fragment of the linguistic picture of the world. Many aspects associated with linguistic means of expressing temporality have long attracted the attention of linguists. Thus, in a number of works of an etymological nature, the origin of individual temporary lexemes is traced (V.F. Zhitnikov, V.V. Kolesov, M. Vasmer, P.Ya. Chernykh, N.M. Shansky, etc.). From the point of view of the systemic organization of vocabulary, temporary lexemes were considered in the works of M.V. Vsevolodova, D.G. Ishchuk, V.V. Morkovkina, G.S. Shchura and others. Finally, in a number of works, temporal lexemes are considered as significant components of the linguistic picture of the world, the peculiarities of the perception of time by the Russian linguistic consciousness, the functional features of temporal words, etc. are studied. These are the works of J1.P. Akhmerova, A.A. Zaliznyak, J1.H. Mikheeva, N.I. Tolstoy, S.M. Tolstoy, A.D. Shmeleva, E.S. Yakovleva and others.

Dialectal linguistic means of expressing temporality are of interest to dialectologists. Structural and semantic features of dialect lexemes and phrasemes, methods of verbalizing time in a dialect, time models existing in dialects, etc. are considered in the works of S.M. Belyakova, E.V. Brysina, L.I. Ivashko, M.M. Kondratenko, I.A. Podyukova, S.A. Tsapenko and others.

The study of the most significant fragments of the linguistic picture of the world of dialect speakers, in particular that fragment of it that is associated with the perception of time, seems relevant, as it contributes to the comprehension of the ethnocultural specifics of dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, the semantics of which reflects the worldview of the Cossack subethnic group.

In addition to the great interest of linguist scientists in modeling linguistic pictures of the world or individual fragments of these pictures, studying the specifics of a linguistic personality, linguistic consciousness, etc., questions of the systemic organization of language remain relevant. The problem of systematic organization of vocabulary is also significant at the present stage of development of linguistics. The objective existence of the lexical-semantic system of language is recognized by most scientists, however, vocabulary as a fairly integral and organized system in a certain way requires further description. One of the possible ways to study the systemic connections of lexical units, according to researchers, is to isolate semantic fields and determine their semantic structure (Krivchenko 1973: 99). This study makes an attempt to comprehensively describe a temporary fragment of dialect linguistic reality in systemic (namely, field) and ethnolinguocultural aspects.

The above factors determine the relevance of the dissertation research.

The object of our research is the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, reflecting the Cossacks’ ideas about time.

The subject of the study is the ethnocultural content and originality of lexical and phraseological means of expressing temporality.

The work is based on the following hypothesis: the linguistic means of expressing the category of temporality in the Cossack dialects of the Don have an ethnocultural originality, which is determined by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors and finds special expression in the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics.

Purpose of the work: to identify the ethnolinguocultural features of the lexical-semantic field “Time” in the Don Cossack dialect.

In connection with this goal, the following tasks are solved:

1) develop a field model of the temporal space of Don Cossack dialects;

2) identify nuclear-peripheral relations constituting the lexical-semantic field “Time”;

3) determine the structural and semantic features of the analyzed group of linguistic units;

4) identify the main historical and cultural factors that determined the idioethnic originality of the constituents of the modeled field;

5) identify the ethnocultural uniqueness of Cossack dialect vocabulary and phrasemics associated with the perception of time; pragmatic potential of units of time.

The methodological basis of the study is linguo-philosophical provisions on the interaction of language and culture; the postulate about the relative social determination of language; general linguistic principles of the systemic and structural organization of language and units of the language system. The theoretical basis of the study is represented by fundamental works in the field of linguoculturology (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. D. Arutyunova, A. Vezhbitskaya, V. A. Maslova, Y. S. Stepanova, V. N. Teliya, etc.), ethnolinguistics ( N.I. Tolstoy, S.M. Tolstoy, M.M. Kopylenko and others), linguistic picture of the world (S.M. Belyakova, I.B. Levontina, J.I.H. Mikheeva, N.I. Tolstoy, A.D. Shmeleva, E.S. Yakovleva, etc.), the doctrine of dialect as a territorial variety of a language and the repository of its history, developed in the works of R.I. Avanesova, L.I. Barannikova, V.E. Goldina, L.L. Kasatkina, R.I. Kudryashova, L.M. Orlova and others, ideas of thematic, lexical-semantic, ideographic grouping of vocabulary developed by L.M. Vasiliev, Yu.N. Karaulov, G.S. Shchur and others.

The implementation of the assigned tasks was carried out using the following methods and techniques: a) a descriptive method with techniques of observation, interpretation and classification of the material being studied; b) the method of ethnolinguocultural analysis developed by E.V. Brysina and presupposing a scientific interpretation of linguistic material based on the explication of information on history, culture, and data on the social organization of the corresponding subethnic group; dialectography techniques (collection, processing and linguistic interpretation of dialect material based on research intuition); c) elements of the method of component analysis (comparison of dictionary definitions, isolation of integral and differential semes), with the help of which common semantic components were established between the field name and specific units, and the distribution of nuclear and peripheral constituents of the field was carried out; d) the use of quantitative calculations, which makes it possible to clarify the relationship between different types of lexical dialectisms and types of phraseolex in the composition of set expressions.

The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it was the first to carry out a comprehensive ethnolinguocultural analysis of the temporal vocabulary and phrasemics of Don Cossack dialects, presented in the form of a lexical-semantic field, and also described the structure and properties of the elements of the “Time” field, identifying its ethnolinguocultural features.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it makes a certain contribution to the development of the problem of ethnolinguistic description of lexical-semantic fields in general and the lexical-semantic field “Time” in particular. Such an analysis allows us to characterize the vocabulary of any fragment of reality, taking into account both systemic and ethnolinguocultural approaches, and therefore describe it taking into account the entire volume of information.

The practical value of the dissertation lies in the possibility of using the results of the work in the practice of teaching Russian dialectology, courses in linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics, when teaching special courses on the ethnocultural uniqueness of dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, in compiling dialect dictionaries and a dictionary of the spiritual culture of the Don Cossacks.

The research sources are:

Dialect dictionaries: Dictionary of Russian Don dialects (first edition - 1975-1976, second edition (1 volume) - 1991), Large explanatory dictionary of the Don Cossacks (M., 2003), card index of the Dictionary of Don dialects of the Volgograd region ( SDGV), located at the Department of General and Slavic-Russian Linguistics of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VSPU);

Works of local writers - A.S. Serafimovich, B.P. Ekimova, E.A. Kulkina, and others, reflecting the history and life of the Don Cossacks.

The material for the analysis was the author's card index, which included 1118 units of temporal vocabulary and phraseemics of Don dialects, collected by continuous sampling from the indicated sources. In the concept of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics, we include words and phrases with a temporal meaning (chrononyms), as well as names associated with age stratification. Due to the fact that one of our tasks is to model the lexical-semantic field “Time”, for the completeness of the study we used dialect units in the semantic structure of which the meaning of temporal reference is expressed by one of the differential or potential semes, i.e. which are not actual symbols of time.

Provisions for defense:

1. Dialectal designations of time can be constructed into a field model - the lexical-semantic field “Time”, which is represented by a set of units interconnected by semantic commonality and structural relationships. According to its structural and semantic organization, the field “Time” claims to be a macrofield and is represented by a number of microfields, or functional-semantic zones, the constituents of which reflect different hypostases of the perception of time. As part of the “Time” field, we consider the following microfields: “Concrete time”, “Abstract time”, “Ritual time”, “Age, or Life time”.

2. Within microfields, nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral elements are distinguished. Nuclear elements include units that are direct designations of time, the semantics of which is not complicated by any additional meanings. The perinuclear space is filled with units, in the semantic structure of which the temporal seme is the nuclear one, but there are also some connotative semes. The zone of the near periphery consists of units that indirectly or indirectly contain an indication of time, expressed explicitly, and a temporal seme as one of the differential ones. The far periphery is formed by units in which the indication of time is represented by one of the differential semes, but is expressed implicitly. In the extreme periphery there are elements that, in their nuclear semantics, belong to other lexical-semantic fields, but contain the seme “time” as a potential or peripheral element.

3. To express temporal semantics in the Don dialects, literary, vernacular and dialect language means are used; Among the latter, a certain part consists of interdialectal vocabulary and phrasemics. Lexical dialectisms are represented by different types. Most dialectisms have a transparent internal form and are structurally and semantically motivated.

The Cossacks' ideas about time were reflected in different forms in the semantics of set expressions. Some set expressions denote time itself; the basis of other stable phrases was the names of everyday objects and phenomena, associatively reflecting concepts of time; a significant number of units containing temporal lexemes serve to express non-temporal concepts.

Ethnocultural information is presented in the semantics of dialect phraseological units both explicitly and implicitly.

4. The idioethnic originality of the Don temporal vocabulary and phrasemics is largely determined by the historical and cultural factors of the formation and functioning of the Cossack subethnic group: the leading role of the military activities of the Cossacks; the interruption of the cultural traditions of the Slavic ancestors, in particular, the secondary importance of agricultural labor in the initial stages of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group; the heterogeneity of Cossack dialects in general, as well as temporal vocabulary and phrasemics in particular.

5. The ethnocultural originality of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics manifests itself primarily at the semantic level and is reflected in the non-traditional and non-standard images (from the position of a native speaker of the literary language) that formed the basis of names, and the nature of metaphors. Ethnocultural content is possessed by those dialectal temporal units, in the semantics of which the peculiarities of the formation, development and life activity of the Cossack subethnic group are reflected. Culturally marked, first of all, are the actual dialect vocabulary and phraseology, ritual dialect units, and geortonyms.

Approbation of work. The main provisions and results of the study were discussed at regional scientific and practical conferences on local history (Volgograd, February 2005, 2006); at conferences of young researchers at Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VSPU, November 2004, 2005); at the III International Scientific Conference “National-cultural component in text and language” (Minsk, April 2005); at the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems of studying the living Russian word at the turn of the millennium” (Voronezh, October 2005); at the International Scientific Conference “Language and Society in Synchrony and Diachrony”, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of prof. JI. I. Barannikova (Saratov, November

2005); at the interuniversity dialectological readings “Regional vocabulary in the historical and cultural aspect” (Arzamas, November 2006); at the Second International Scientific Conference “Russian Literature in the Context of Modern Integration Processes” (Volgograd, April 2007) and were reflected in 9 articles and abstracts of one report.

Work structure. In accordance with the genre, the dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, a list of dictionaries and text sources, a list of settlements in which information was collected, and an appendix.

1. The Cossacks’ ideas about time combine its different characteristics, but the most relevant for speakers of dialects, as residents of rural areas, is the cyclical model of time associated with the life of nature and agricultural activities. It is used for weather monitoring and various seasonal work; Moreover, it plays an important role in organizing the annual time. There is a certain isomorphism in the Cossacks’ perception of the daily and annual cycles, which is also due to the fact that ideas of cyclicity occupy a large place in the human mind.

2. A clear expression of the cyclic model is the Cossack agricultural calendar, which generally inherits the traditions of the original Russian folk calendar, but also has its own characteristics caused by the specific conditions of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group. Thus, in the conditions of the breakdown of the agricultural cultural tradition in the Cossack calendar, the days (and, accordingly, their names) that marked the start and end of the main agricultural work were unclaimed.

3. The concept of ritual time includes the following characteristic - it is time that stands out from the everyday flow of time by its marking, special significance for the speaker of the dialect (the time of holidays, fasts and other significant periods of varying duration). Highlighting this aspect of time implies the existence of a potential semantic opposition between ritual and everyday life. The units of ritual time are segments of different durations: these are very small intervals at morning and evening dawn; most often a day coinciding with some holiday; periods of fasting; the period of time from Christmas to Epiphany and the week after Trinity; leap year. All units of ritual time have pragmatic properties, since they set a person a certain type of behavior, which involves the fulfillment of formulaic instructions (beating a willow twig in the Willow Whip), all kinds of restrictions and prohibitions, etc.

The microfield “Ritual Time” considered as part of the LSP “Time” has its own field organization, contains nuclear and peripheral elements represented by the semantics of both the actual units of time and units that are indirectly related to time. The total number of constituents of the microfield “Ritual Time” is 256 units, which amounted to 23% of the total number of units of the LSP “Time”; the core and perinuclear part contain 127 units, and 129 units are located on the periphery.

4. Wedding and funeral rites of the Cossacks have their own clear temporal organization. Lexico-phraseological means that nominate the main moments of a wedding and funeral in time belong to the near periphery of the LSM “Ritual Time” and form within it two independent functional-semantic zones, within which their own field hierarchy is possible. These linguistic units express temporal semantics in different ways. In some of them the significance of temporary attachment is significantly felt; in other words and expressions, the semantics of time is not expressed explicitly, but through specific images; some units serve as designations of ritual actions taking place at one time or another at a wedding or funeral, and therefore contain only a hint of time. Set expressions vary in figurative characteristics, expressive capabilities and degree of semantic unity. Almost all of them are devoid of evaluative meaning and perform a nominative function in the dialect.

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208. Yavorskaya, G.M. “Time” and “Case”: a fragment of the semantic field of time in Slavic languages ​​/ G.M. Yavorskaya // Logical analysis of language: Language and time: collection. Art. / answer ed. N.D. Arutyunova. M., 1997. -S. 44-50.

209. Language. Culture. Ethnos. M.: Nauka, 1994. - 233 p.

210. Yakovleva, E.S. Fragment of the Russian language picture of time / E.S. Yakovleva // Issue. linguistics. 1994a. - No. 5. - P. 73-89.

211. Yakovleva, E.S. Fragments of the Russian language picture of the world (models of space, time and perception) / E.S. Yakovleva. M.: Gnosis, 19946.-344 p.

212. Yakovleva, E.S. To the description of time in the picture of the world of a native Russian speaker / E.S. Yakovleva // Semantics of linguistic units: report. V International conf. M, 1996. - T. II. - pp. 242-245.

213. Yakovleva, E.S. Hour in the system of Russian names of time / E.S. Yakovleva // Logical analysis of language: Language and time: collection. Art. / answer ed. N.D. Arutyunova. M., 1997.-S. 267-281.

214. Cultural models in language and thought / Ed. By Hjlland D., Quinn N. Cambridge, 1987. XII.1. LIST OF DICTIONARIES

215. Large explanatory dictionary of the Don Cossacks. M.: Rus. Dictionaries: Astrel: ACT, 2003. - 608 p.

216. Glukhov, V.M. Dictionary of Don dialect and colloquial phraseology (based on the dialects of the Ilovlinsky district of the Volgograd region): manuscript / V.M. Glukhov. 200 s.

217. Dahl, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: in 4 volumes / V.I. Dahl M.: Rus. lang., 2002.

218. V.I. Dal -M.: Rus. lang., 2002.

219. Don Historical and Ethnographic Dictionary. Program. M., 1998. - 132 p.

220. Zemtsov, S.N. Dictionary of words and expressions that existed among the Don Cossacks: manuscript / S.N. Zemtsov. 1991. - 132 p.

221. Isaev, M.I. Dictionary of ethnolinguistic concepts and terms / M.I. Isaev. 3rd ed. - M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2003. - 200 p.

222. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva. -M.: Bolshaya Ross. encycl., 2002. 709 e.: ill.

223. Maslov, V.G. Dictionary of the Dobrinka dialect (based on the material of the Dobrinka dialect of the Uryupinsky district of the Volgograd region) / V.G. Maslov. Shuya, 1993.- 177 p.

224. Mirtov, A.V. Don Dictionary. Materials for studying the vocabulary of the Don Cossacks / A.V. Mirtov. Rostov n/d., 1929.

225. Myths of the peoples of the world: encyclical: in 2 volumes / ed. S.A. Tokarev. M.: Bolshaya Ross. Encycl., 2003. - T.l: A-K. - 671 units; T. 2: K-Ya. - 719 p.

226. Ozhegov, S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. -M.: Azbukovnik, 1999. 944 p.

227. Slavic mythology: encyclic. dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: International. relations, 2002. - 512 p.

228. Dictionary of dialects of the Moscow region. M., 1969. - 598 p.

229. Dictionary of Russian Don dialects: in 3 volumes. Rostov n/d.: Publishing house Rost, university, 1975-1976.

230. Dictionary of Russian Don dialects. T. 1.-Rostov n/D., 1991.

231. Dictionary of Russian folk dialects / ch. ed. F.P. Owl. L.: Nauka, 1968. - Issue. 3. - 360 e.; 1969. - Issue. 4. - 356 units; 1979. - Issue. 15. - 400 e.; 1981.-Issue. 17.-384 p.

232. Dictionary of Russian folk dialects / ch. ed. F.P. Sorokoletov. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2002. - Issue. 36. - 344 p.

233. Dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian. language; edited by A.P. Evgenieva. 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. lang., 1985. - T.l: A - I. -696 e.; 1986. - T.2: K - O. - 736 e.; 1987. - T. 3.: P - R. - 750 e.; 1988. -T. 4: S-Ya.-800 s.

234. Dictionary of modern Russian folk dialect (village of Deulino, Ryazan district, Ryazan region) / ed. I.A. Osovetsky. M.: Nauka, 1969.-612 p.

235. Stepanov, Yu.S. Constants: Dictionary of Russian Culture / Yu.S. Stepanov. -Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional M.: Academician. Project, 2004. - 992 p.

236. Vasmer, M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: in 4 volumes / M. Vasmer; lane with him. and additional HE. Trubachev. 2nd ed., erased. - M.: Progress, 1987.

237. Philosophy: encyclical. dictionary / ed. A.A. Ivina. M.: Gardariki, 2004.-1072 p.

238. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: in 2 volumes / comp. A.I. Fedorov. Novosibirsk: Nauka, Sibirsk. ed. RAS company, 1995.

239. Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language / ed. A. I. Molotkova. -M.: Rus. lang., 1986.

240. Chernykh, P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: in 2 volumes / P.Ya. Black. 7th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang.: Media, 2006.

241. Yaroslavl regional dictionary: textbook. manual: in 10 issue. Yaroslavl: YAGPI im. K.D. Ushinsky, 1981-1991.

242. LIST OF LITERARY SOURCES

243. Danilov, I.P. Don Chebor: miniatures / I.P. Danilov. Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1988. - 192 p.

244. Ekimov, B.P. Stories: Private investigation: a story / B.P. Ekimov; preface V. Vasilyeva. M.: Artist. lit., 1991.-415 p.

245. Ekimov, B.P. Works: in 3 volumes / B.P. Ekimov. Volgograd: State. institution "Publisher", 2000. - T. 1. - 608 e.; T.2. - 624 units; T. 3. - 624 p.

246. Kogitin, V.V. Fairy tales-retellings / V.V. Kogitin. Volgograd: Stanitsa, 1996.-240 p.

247. Kulkin, E.A. The Forgiven Age: Trilogy: Crash: a novel / E.A. Kulkin. -Volgograd: State. institution "Publisher", 2000. 752 p.

248. Serafimovich, A.S. Collected works: in Utah. / A.S. Serafimovich. -M.: GIHL, 1947-1948.

250. Sukhov, N.V. Cossack woman: a novel / N.V. Sukhov. Volgograd: N.-Volzh. book ed., 1970.-576 p.

251. Turgenev, I.S. Novels and stories / I.S. Turgenev. M.: Artist. lit., 1965.-200 p.