Johann Sebastian Bach one of the greatest composers in the history of music, born on March 21, 1685 in the small German town of Eisenach Johann Sebastian Bach one of the greatest composers in the history of music, born on March 21, 1685 in the small German town of Eisenach The house in which J. Bach was born
Johann Sebastian Bach was the youngest, eighth child in the family of musician Johann Ambrosius Bach. Many of Johann Sebastian's ancestors were professional musicians. Johann Sebastian Bach was the youngest, eighth child in the family of the musician Johann Ambrosius Bach. Many of Johann Sebastian's ancestors were professional musicians
When Johann Sebastian was 9 years old, his mother died. The boy was taken in by his older brother, Johann Christoph, who taught him to play the organ and clavier. Johann Sebastian loved music very much and never missed an opportunity to practice it or study new works. Organ Clavier
At the age of 15, Bach moved to Lüneburg, where he studied at the singing school of St. Michael's Personal Seal of Bach Bach's Manuscript
In Köthen (1717 - 1723) Bach served as bandmaster at the court of the Prince of Köthen, where there was no organ. Therefore, Bach wrote mainly keyboard and orchestral music. The composer's duties included leading a small orchestra, accompanying the prince's singing and entertaining him by playing the clavier. Easily coping with his responsibilities, Bach devoted all his free time to creativity. In Köthen (1717 - 1723) Bach served as bandmaster at the court of the Prince of Köthen, where there was no organ. Therefore, Bach wrote mainly keyboard and orchestral music. The composer's duties included leading a small orchestra, accompanying the prince's singing and entertaining him by playing the clavier. Easily coping with his responsibilities, Bach devoted all his free time to creativity.
The Voyager spacecraft was launched in 1977 and carried a gold disc of Bach's music. The first sounds introducing humanity to other extraterrestrial civilizations will be “Brandenburg Concerto 2” by J.S. Bach In 1977, the Voyager spacecraft was launched, and on board there is a golden disc with the music of Bach. The first sounds introducing humanity to other extraterrestrial civilizations will be “Brandenburg Concerto 2” by J.S. Bach
Presentation on music on the topic: “My favorite composer is a classic”, a student of 7th grade “A” Brutyan Yunik worked on the presentation
Biography. Johann Sebastian Bach was the youngest, eighth child in the family of musician Johann Ambrosius Bach and Elisabeth Lemmerhirt. The Bach family has been known for its musicality since the beginning of the 16th century: many of Johann Sebastian's ancestors and relatives were professional musicians. During this period, the Church, local authorities and the aristocracy supported musicians, especially in Thuringia and Saxony. Bach's father lived and worked in Eisenach. At this time the city had about 6,000 inhabitants. Johannes Ambrosius's work included organizing secular concerts and performing church music. When Johann Sebastian was 9 years old, his mother died, and a year later his father died. The boy was taken in by his older brother, Johann Christoph.
Creation. Bach wrote more than 1000 pieces of music. Bach wrote music for various instruments, both sacred and secular. Some of Bach's works are adaptations of works by other composers, and some are revised versions of their own works. By the time of Bach, organ music in Germany already had long-standing traditions that had developed thanks to Bach’s predecessors, each of whom influenced him in their own way. During his life, Bach was best known as a first-class organist, teacher and composer of organ music. He worked both in “free” genres traditional for that time, such as prelude, fantasy, toccata, passacaglia, and in more strict forms - chorale prelude. In his works for organ, Bach skillfully combined features of different musical styles with which he became acquainted throughout his life.
Fate in Bach's music. In the last years of his life and after Bach's death, his fame as a composer began to decline: his style was considered old-fashioned in comparison with the burgeoning classicism. He was better known and remembered as a performer, teacher and father of the younger Bachs, especially Carl Philipp Emmanuel, whose music was more famous. However, many major composers, such as Mozart and Beethoven, knew and loved the work of Johann Sebastian. In Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, Filda's student Maria Shimanovskaya and Alexander Griboyedov especially stood out as experts and performers of Bach's music. For example, while visiting St. Thomas School, Mozart heard one of the motets and exclaimed: “There is something to learn here!” - after which, asking for the notes, he studied them for a long time and enthusiastically. Beethoven greatly appreciated Bach's music. As a child, he played preludes and fugues from The Well-Tempered Clavier, and later called Bach “the true father of harmony” and said that “his name is not the Brook, but the Sea.”
The works of Johann Sebastian influenced many composers. Some themes from Bach's works, for example, the theme of the Toccata and Fugue in D minor, were reused in the music of the 20th century. A biography written in 1802 by Johann Nikolaus Forkel stimulated general public interest in his music. More and more people discovered his music. For example, Goethe, who became acquainted with his works quite late in his life, in a letter of 1827 compared the feeling of Bach’s music with “eternal harmony in dialogue with itself.” But the real revival of Bach's music began with the performance of the St. Matthew Passion in 1829 in Berlin, organized by Felix Mendelssohn.
Works of Bach. I. Vocal works: Cantatas; Motets; Liturgical works in Latin; Passions and oratorios; Secular cantatas; Chorales; Songs and arias; Songs; Quodlibet;
II. Organ works: 1. Trio sonatas for organ; 2. Preludes and fugues, toccatas and fugues, fantasies and fugues for organ; 3. Passacaglia and fugue in C minor for organ; 4. Trio and other works for organ; 5. Organ concerts; 6. Various chorale preludes; III. Concerts and suites for orchestra: 1. Violin concertos; 2. Brandenburg concerts; 3. Concertos for harpsichords; 4. Suites for orchestra.
Musical fragments. - BWV 59 - Wir mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten - BWV 171 - Gott, wie dein Name, so ist auch dein Ruhm - BWV 140; I. Coro - Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme
Slide 1
peasant life at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries
The presentation was prepared by Ulyana Popova, a student of grade 9B at MBOU gymnasium No. 12 in Lipetsk.
Slide 2
The fates of many peasant families were similar to each other. From year to year they lived in the same village, performed the same jobs and duties. The modest village church did not impress with its size or architecture, but made the village the center of the entire area. Even as a baby, a few days old, every person fell under its vaults during christenings and visited here many times throughout their lives. Here, when he passed away into another world, he was brought before being interred. The church was almost the only public building in the area. The priest was, if not the only one, then one of the few literate people. No matter how the parishioners treated him, he was the official spiritual father, to whom the Law of God obliged everyone to come to confession.
Slide 3
Three main events in a person's life: birth, marriage and death. This is how the records in the church registers were divided. During that period of time, many families had children almost every year. The birth of a child was perceived as the will of God, which rarely occurred to anyone to resist. More children mean more workers in the family, and hence more wealth. Based on this, the appearance of boys was preferable. You raise a girl, and she goes to someone else’s family. But it doesn’t matter: brides from other households replaced the working hands of married daughters. The birth of a child has always been a holiday in the family and it is highlighted by one of the main Christian sacraments - baptism. The parents carried the child with the godfather and mother to baptize. Having returned home, they held a christening - a dinner for which they gathered relatives. Children were usually baptized on their birthday or within three days. The priest gave the name using the calendar.
Slide 4
Peasants mostly got married only in their own community. If in the 18th century peasants were married at the age of 13-14, then from the mid-19th century the legal age for marriage was 18 years for men and 16 years for women. Early peasant marriages were encouraged by landowners, as this contributed to an increase in the number of peasant souls and, accordingly, the income of landowners. During serfdom, peasant girls were often given in marriage without their consent. After the abolition of serfdom, the custom of marriage with the consent of the bride was gradually established. Strict measures were also taken against underage grooms. If someone didn’t want to get married, then dad forced them with shafts. Grooms and brides who stayed too long were dishonored.
Slide 5
Death overtook a person at any time of the year, but in the cold winter months the work was noticeably increased. Until the beginning of the 19th century, the dead were buried in the church graveyard. However, due to the danger of contracting infectious diseases, a special decree ordered that cemeteries be located outside populated areas. People prepared for death in advance. Before death, they tried to call a priest for confession and communion. After death, the deceased was washed by women and dressed in mortal clothing. The men knocked together a coffin and dug a grave. When the body was taken out, the lamentations of the mourners began. There was no talk of any autopsy or death certificate.
Makovsky K.E. "Child's Funeral"
All formalities were limited to an entry in the metric book, where the cause of death was indicated by the local priest according to the relatives of the deceased. The coffin with the deceased was taken to the church on a stretcher-chair. The church watchman, already knowing about the deceased, rang the bell. 40 days after the funeral there was a wake with lunch, to which the priest was brought for the service.
Slide 6
According to Tolstoy, the problems of Russian peasants are quite understandable. Lev Nikolaevich believed that all the problems are due to the lack of land, because half of the land is owned by landowners and merchants who trade in both land and grain; - from vodka, which is the main income of the state and to which the people have been accustomed for centuries; - from the soldiery, which takes away the best people from him at the best time and corrupts them; - from officials who oppress the people; - from taxes; - from ignorance, in which government and church schools deliberately support him.
Children in the field. 2. Celebration during Easter week. North of European Russia.
Slide 7
“Every year the Russian army becomes more and more sick and physically incapable... Of three guys it is difficult to choose one who is quite fit for service... Poor food in the village, a wandering life to earn money, early marriages that require intense labor at almost adolescence , - these are the reasons for physical exhaustion... It’s scary to say what hardships a recruit sometimes endures before serving. About 40 percent recruits ate meat almost for the first time upon entering military service. In service, a soldier eats, in addition to good bread, excellent meat soup and porridge, i.e. something that many people in the village no longer have a clue about...” M.O. Menshikov
Slide 8
Russian peasants were very unpretentious in their household life. An outsider was, first of all, struck by the asceticism of the interior decoration. The peasant hut of the late 19th century differed little from the rural dwelling of the previous century. Most of the room was occupied by a stove, which served both for heating and cooking. Most peasant huts were heated “black”. According to Doctor of Medicine V.I. Nikolsky, who examined the medical and sanitary condition of residents of the Tambov district, for each member of a family of seven people there was 21.4 arshins of air, which was not enough. In winter, the air in the huts was extremely hot.
Slide 9
The sanitary condition of a peasant home depended, first of all, on the nature of the flooring. If the floor had a wooden covering, then the hut was much cleaner. In houses with earthen floors, they were covered with straw. The floors, mostly earthen, were a source of dirt, dust and dampness. In winter, young animals were kept in the huts - calves and lambs, therefore, there could be no question of any tidiness.
Slide 10
The cleanliness of a rural hut depended on the frequency and quality of cleaning the premises. The peasant woman's house was swept twice a day, morning and evening. True, during the lean season, cleaning was done much less frequently. The floors in peasant huts, as a rule, were washed before the twelfth or patronal holidays, i.e. no more than once or twice a month. General cleaning before Easter was mandatory, during which only the floors were scrubbed, but also the walls and ceiling were cleared of dirt, tables and benches were washed. River sand was used as a means of cleaning surfaces from dirt in Russian villages. Each hut had a table and benches along the walls. There was practically no other furniture. Not all families had benches and stools. They usually slept on stoves in winter and on sheets in summer. To make it less harsh, they laid straw and covered it with sackcloth.
Slide 11
The traditional means of maintaining body cleanliness in the Russian village was the bathhouse. But there were catastrophically few baths in the Russian village. Swimming in open reservoirs was not customary in the Russian village. And the water temperature in the summer made the swimming season short. The peasants did not make any baths, and since until the 20th century it was customary to swim naked, it was difficult for women to look for secluded places near a river or lake, so they very rarely used reservoirs, and even men, either out of fatigue or out of habit, almost didn't swim. Floundering around in ponds was the lot of children.
Slide 12
Thanks to the photographs, one can understand that our people were not as faceless as they are now actively portrayed in history textbooks. People lived their own, natural lives.
Peasant girls pull flax. Mogilev province 1903
Cooper. 1900s
Slide 13
Weaving bast shoes. Beginning of the 20th century Ufa province. Yuryuzan
Shoemaker. 1903-1905 Photo by S.A. Lobovikova
Slide 14
Weaving baskets and baskets. The village of Bor, Nizhny Novgorod province. 1900s
Slide 15
In the carpentry workshop. The village of Sivukhino. 1900s
Potter. The village of Vladimirskoye, Makarevsky district, Nizhny Novgorod province. 1900s
In Travel from Moscow to St. Petersburg, the description of the villager begins with his gait and ability to speak. The peasants did not walk with their heads down and their eyes dull, but with dignity, confidence in themselves and their abilities. And they had considerable strength; it was rare that a man could not lift 5 pounds, and there were those who freely carried loads of pounds - almost 2 centners. Most of them were people of average height and lean. There were, however, also “loose natures”, or as the peasants themselves called them, “pulp”. As a rule, men wore large, full beards and long, circle-cut hair. In winter, the beard covered the face from the burning frost, and in summer there was no time for daily shaving. They spoke about women in two expressive words: “Women are beautiful.”
In different provinces, huts were built in their own way, although they were based on the same thing - a log house. The log house consists of several crowns. And the crown, in turn, is made of four logs, connected in a special way at the corners. If a log house has a log partition, then such a hut is called a five-walled hut, and if there are two such partitions, then it is called a six-walled hut. The owner himself, with his sons, brothers and other relatives, could take on the construction of the house, or he could hire village craftsmen or invite an artel of carpenters who were professionally engaged in building houses. In all cases, the birth of a new hut was a huge event in the life of a peasant family. As a rule, pine was used to build huts. In Siberia, tower houses were erected from durable larch. They still stand today, amazing with their beauty and quality.
The huts were different from each other from the inside. But there was one thing in common - every hut had a stove. Actually, the word “hut” comes from the word “to heat.” The stove fed, warmed, treated and even served as a bathhouse! They raked out the coals, laid down straw and climbed in, feet first. True, they didn’t wash there, but only steamed. The stove was heated “black”, and the smoke, heating the hut, came out into a small hole in the ceiling. Such a hut was called a kurna. The children who slept on the beds near the door hung their heads down during the fire so as not to suffocate from the smoky veil that spread across the ceiling and floated into the upper part of the doorway. The corner opposite the mouth of the stove with a small window was called “woman’s kut.” This is the “strap”, or “kitchen”. It was fenced off with a partition or curtain. There was usually a table there, and shelves for dishes were mounted on the wall. The owner's place was considered to be another corner - at the door. There he worked in the winter: repairing torn harnesses, making something. He slept there, on the “konik” - a wide bench-chest.
There were often shelves at the top of the door where children slept. Diagonally from the stove - “red corner”. This is the most honorable place in the hut. Above are icons, below are benches along the walls and a table. The benches, as a rule, were planked, and the table was made of thick oak boards. They dined at the table, drank tea, and received guests on holidays. They tried to keep the hut clean, carefully scraping the table, walls, and floor. But in winter it was not easy. After all, in order to save them from the frost, they had to “accept” newly born kids, lambs and calves into the hut. For a long time the hut was illuminated by a torch. It was prepared in advance: a long log was steamed in the oven, then thin slivers - splinters - were plucked from it with a knife. These splinters were inserted horizontally into special stands, lights, with crevices at the top and set on fire. Under the splinter there was a long trough with water, where the coals fell.
The peasants divided their food into “strong” and light. Bread, cabbage soup, porridge are “strong” foods. At the same time, the bread should be well baked and “tough”. Sour cabbage soup - certainly rich, with fatty corned beef or pork. Porridge – seasoned with melted butter or lard. Having been refreshed in this way, it was possible to take on any work, be it plowing, mowing or collecting firewood. Light food included milk, everything that grew in the garden, and mushrooms. It was believed that a family would not be in poverty if there was rye bread in the house, and for lunch - cabbage soup or potato soup and milk. But those who have nothing but “unbleached” cabbage soup, that is, without sour cream, then such a family was among the poor: there is no cow. The honorary treat was fried meat, noodles, pie and scrambled eggs. The most popular drink was kvass. In addition to kvass, they drank tea, of course. True, not in all families: after all, tea leaves and sugar still had to be bought. The sawn sugar was split into small pieces with tweezers and carefully placed into the mouth.
Meals in a peasant house followed a certain order. They prayed before eating. The first to sit at the table, under the image, was the head of the family - the father. The mother served the food. They ate from a common bowl, laughter and chatter were immediately stopped. Or you could get a spoon on the forehead if, without your father’s command, you start dragging pieces of meat from the bottom of the bowl first. Peasant clothes. A man, as A. N. Engelgardt notes in his book “Letters from the Village,” practically does not part with his sheepskin coat throughout the entire winter day: he works in the yard, feeds the livestock, chops and carries firewood, and even sits in it hut, because it blows from all sides. A man's winter outfit was complemented by a belt or belt to tighten his sheepskin coat at the waist, a woolen scarf, mittens, felt boots and a warm fur hat. When there was a particularly severe frost, a sheepskin coat, also made of sheepskin and covered with cloth, was put on over the sheepskin coat.
In spring and autumn, the usual men's clothing was an armyak - a caftan made of coarse thick cloth, and an undercoat, also of cloth, with a “waist and gathers”. In the summer they wore calico shirts, canvas trousers and bast shoes, and those who were richer wore boots. Women's clothing was more varied. In winter - the same sheepskin coat or fur coat. In summer - a canvas shirt with a slit in the front, which is fastened with a cord, a chintz sundress, a dress. In the autumn - a skirt, often with wadding, with fasteners on the side, a jacket made of wool or silk fabric with a turn-down collar. If they sewed everyday clothes themselves, they tried to buy holiday clothes in the city. Men bought woolen or silk shirts with fringes at the hem, shirts - always pink, silk belts with tassels, vests and jackets.
Patent leather boots were considered the height of panache. Ordinary galoshes were in great fashion. They were proud of them and took care of them. Some wore them only in dry weather, fearing they would get dirty in the slushy mud. It was also considered fashionable to “tie a neckerchief – calico or silk – whenever you go out.”
A special passion of the Russian people was visiting the bathhouse. Almost every yard had its own bathhouse. Bathhouse wisdom began with choosing a place to build the bathhouse itself. It was placed far enough from residential buildings to avoid fire and at the same time so close that when walking home from the bathhouse, a person would not catch a cold after the heat and steam. The bathhouse was placed near water - a river or lake. They preferred river water - soft, clean, smelling of freshness, and not lake mud.
Loading...
