After the rain, both adults and children peer into the sky: what if a rainbow appears? People of all ages admire this unusual phenomenon with awe and joy - bright stripes of 7 colors stretching across the entire sky along the entire horizon. In ancient times, people believed that rainbows appeared by God's will, as proof of his existence. Children think that stripes in the sky appear out of nowhere, as if in a fairy tale. But adult readers of the portal know for sure that the appearance of a rainbow is explained by the physical laws of nature and it is just an optical illusion.
How does a rainbow appear?
Physicists, observing the refraction of light in drops of water, with mathematical precision derived equations that reveal the mechanism of formation of this natural phenomenon. Knowledge of optical laws made it possible to prove that for the appearance of a rainbow, it is important not only the presence of drops of rainwater and then the appearance of the sun standing low above the horizon, but also the location of the observer with his back to the luminary.
The colors of the rainbow are in the correct order. Drawing by Vasilisa Batmanova, 8 years old, especially for
The stream of sunlight, reaching the surface of the water, is refracted and splits the white rays of the sun into a color spectrum, and it consists of 7 main colors. Red, orange, yellow make up warm shades, green is borderline, and blue, indigo, violet are cold. This is the order in which the rainbow colors are arranged.
Red is the outer color, and purple is the inner color. The rainbow is often depicted in reverse order, but this is not true. Although, the reverse order of colors is also possible - in a duplicate rainbow, which is discussed below.
When it rains, a ray of sun illuminates a raindrop and penetrates into it, refracting into the colors of the spectrum. The wall of a water drop has a dense structure, upon reaching which the light stream is reflected in the opposite direction. This causes even greater refraction. From the point of penetration of the sun's ray, a stream of the rainbow spectrum bursts out. Since the observer stands with his back to the shining Sun and his face to the rain, he sees refracted sunlight reflected by billions of drops of rainwater.
The colors of the rainbow in reverse order, characteristic of the “second” rainbow. Drawing by Margosha Batmanova, 6 years old, specially for
Sometimes you can see not one, but two rainbows in the sky at the same time. Moreover, the second one is not so bright or is barely visible in the sky. Its colors also consist of 7 shades, but are arranged in an inverted state: from purple to red. The appearance of a “double” is easily explained from the point of view of optics: light rays are reflected again in a drop of water - and this is where a rainbow-double appears.
People are always interested in natural phenomena that are visible, but cannot be touched: fog, evaporation of moisture, rainbows. They seem to be a manifestation of a miracle, something unusual, of divine origin, but in fact their occurrence is proven by science.
- red
- orange
- yellow
- green
- blue
- blue
- violet.
- How- red
- one day- orange
- Jean- yellow
- Bell ringer- green
- head- blue
- broke- blue
- flashlight- violet
If we count by gradient, then there are millions of primary colors in the rainbow 7, for this they even came up with a well-known proposal Every (red) hunter (orange) wants (yellow) to know (green) where (blue) the pheasant (violet) sits (blue)
Probably every person knows this and the correct answer is: seven colors.
Yes, we ourselves can see it very well, it’s just a pity that the rainbow doesn’t really show us the ballet with its appearance in the firmament.
I’ll list the colors of the rainbow, and at the same time I’ll test myself.
So the very first color we have is red, then orange, the third color is yellow, then the color of grass, or rather green, immediately followed by blue, then we are pleased with blue and finally the last one is purple.
In general, Sir Isaac Newton began to study this issue for the first time (probably). Moreover, he noted only five colors: purple, red, yellow, blue and green). But then Sir Newton increased the number to seven so that the number of colors in the rainbow corresponded to the number of notes (orange and blue).
Seven colors are the main ones in the rainbow (at least for Russian culture). But a rainbow consists of a much larger number of colors and shades; the colors in a rainbow smoothly flow into each other, forming colors, shades, tones and halftones. It is not for nothing that for a German your question would seem incorrect. After all, the Germans believe that there are countless colors in the rainbow, or rather, all the colors that exist are present there.
But most often I see only four colors in the rainbow: blue, red, yellow and green.
every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits - 7. I saw less, I didn’t see more!
Only 7 maximum can be seen with the naked eye. But with special devices, in my opinion, up to 12, but the rainbow spectrum itself is not limited in number at the edges. As far as I remember it was like this.
The rainbow has 7 colors, there is a saying that every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. This sequence is called a spectrum. Rainbows can often be seen after rain.
There are only seven colors of the rainbow, and the remaining shades are obtained by mixing the main seven colors.
These are the colors:
There is even a children's saying to help you remember colors better:
Today it is generally accepted that there are seven primary colors in the rainbow, namely (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). But science does not stand still and who knows, perhaps over time some new colors will be added, perhaps in invisible ultraviolet light.
A rainbow is a colored arc that appears in the sky every time during or after rain, precisely in the warm season, when there is sunlight and drops of moisture, invisible to us, present to our eyes a magical and amazing spectacle in colors.
And these colors come from Mother Nature seven and call them the colors of the spectrum. First there are waves of red, orange and yellow colors, then intermediate green, then cool colors shine: blue, indigo, violet.
Everyone knows the catchphrase made up of the initial letters of the names of the colors of the rainbow:
TO every O hunter and wants h nah, G de With goes f azan
I always admire the rainbow and never cease to be amazed at this magical spectacle.
According to Newton, it is generally accepted that the rainbow has seven colors. These colors are also considered basic. So all the other colors that can be seen in the rainbow are the result of mixtures of adjacent colors, which due to a smooth transition from one to another, and therefore they naturally cast at least five more colors.
It is difficult to answer this question precisely, since the rainbow itself is always different. Sometimes five colors are visible, sometimes more due to different shades, and sometimes only three or four colors of the rainbow are visible in the sky.
But since childhood, we have been taught to believe that the rainbow has seven colors, these are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors are considered to be basic or basic, and all that we can see beyond these colors are simply shades or variations of mixing neighboring colors with each other.
These seven primary colors of the rainbow are well perceived and distinguished by the human eye, so there are many more of them possible.
As you know, the rainbow has seven colors. In order to easily remember what colors these are and what their order was, they came up with: every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting. Accordingly, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. Total seven.
These are the primary colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. But there are also shades.
There are seven primary colors in the rainbow that are clearly visible to the human eye; everyone has known them since childhood.
But between the primary colors there is still a whole bunch of tint colors, but there is no point in counting them, because they flow too smoothly into one another.
Every child knows from school (or even from kindergarten) that there are seven colors in the rainbow. Every (red) hunter (orange) wants (yellow) to know (green) where the (blue) pheasant (purple) sits.
A rainbow has 7 colors - it is into these color components that a sunbeam breaks up as it passes through a succession of water droplets in the air after the rain that has just passed.
In addition to the well-known saying about every hunter who wants to know where the pheasant sits, you can learn the following rhyme to remember colors:
It is rare to observe the phenomenon of a double rainbow, when, along with a regular rainbow, its mirror image appears above it, in reverse order of colors.
But the number of colors remains the same.
There are only seven colors in the rainbow. I remember we were taught at school to memorize a poem
Since then, I remember by heart what colors and how many there are in the rainbow. The first letters of color are taken into the poem: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
You can see a rainbow after or during rain in sunny weather.
Seven colors. And there is a reminder of this in the form of an old children's saying. Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits. In this sentence, each first letter of each word corresponds to one of the colors of the rainbow.
Accordingly, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue violet.
A rainbow in its appearance is an extraordinary natural phenomenon and its main feature is the abundance of colors, regardless of its size and brightness. The color spectrum of the rainbow consists of seven colors visible to the eye, the number and colors themselves are perfectly remembered, or rather, they are taught very well in school with the famous saying:
Of course, there are many more colors in the rainbow than seven, but our eyes see only the main seven colors and not every person, some can even see four, but mostly five colors.
The rainbow is, of course, a natural phenomenon, but strangely enough, humanity has learned how to cause and drive away the winds to create a rainbow.
As it turned out, not all nations have 7 colors in their rainbow. Some have six, particularly in America, and there are those who have only 4. In general, the question is not at all simple, as it might seem at first glance
And as often happens on the vast expanses of the Internet, an article was found on this topic. It was written so interestingly that I couldn’t resist and decided to re-publish it so that everyone could get acquainted with it.
The phrase “every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits” has been known to everyone since childhood. This mnemonic device, the so-called acrophonic method of memorization, is designed to remember the sequence of colors of the rainbow. Here, each word of the phrase begins with the same letter as the name of the color: each = red, hunter = orange, etc. In the same way, those who were initially confused about the sequence of colors of the Russian flag realized that the abbreviation KGB (from bottom to top) was suitable to describe it and were no longer confused.
Such mnemonics are acquired by the brain at the level of so-called “conditioning” rather than just learning. Considering that people, like all other animals, are terrible conservatives, then any information that has been drilled into the head since childhood for many is very difficult to change or is even simply blocked from a critical approach. For example, Russian children know from school that there are seven colors in the rainbow. This is rote, familiar, and many are sincerely perplexed as to how it is that in some countries the number of colors of the rainbow can be completely different. But the seemingly undoubted statements “there are seven colors in the rainbow”, as well as “there are 24 hours in a day”, are only products of human imagination and have nothing to do with nature. One of those cases when an arbitrary fiction becomes “reality” for many.
Rainbows have always been seen differently in different periods of history and in different peoples. It distinguished three primary colors, and four, and five, and as many as you like. Aristotle identified only three colors: red, green, violet. The Rainbow Serpent of the Australian Aborigines was six-colored. In the Congo, the rainbow is represented by six snakes - according to the number of colors. Some African tribes see only two colors in the rainbow - dark and light.
So where did the notorious seven colors in the rainbow come from? This is exactly the rare case when the source is known to us. Although the phenomenon of the rainbow was explained by the refraction of sun rays in raindrops back in 1267, Roger Bacon, but only Newton thought of analyzing light and, refracting a ray of light through a prism, first counted five colors: red, yellow, green, blue, violet (he called it purple ). Then the scientist took a closer look and saw six colors. But the number six did not appeal to the believer Newton. Nothing other than a demonic obsession. And the scientist “spotted” another color. The number seven suited him: an ancient and mystical number - there are seven days of the week, and seven deadly sins. Newton thought of indigo as the seventh color. Thus Newton became the father of the seven-color rainbow. True, his very idea of the white spectrum, as a collection of people of color, was not liked by everyone at that time. Even the eminent German poet Goethe was indignant, calling Newton's statement a “monstrous assumption.” After all, it cannot be that the most transparent, purest white color turned out to be a mixture of “dirty” colored rays! But nevertheless, over time, I had to admit that the scientist was right.
The division of the spectrum into seven colors took root, and the following memorization appeared in the English language - Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (In - for blue indigo). And over time, they forgot about indigo and there were six colors. Thus, in the words of J. Baudrillard (albeit said on a completely different occasion), “the model became the primary reality, hyperreality, turning the whole world into Disneyland.”
Now our “magical Disneyland” is very diverse. Russians will argue until they are hoarse about the seven-color rainbow. American children are taught the six primary colors of the rainbow. English (German, French, Japanese) too. But it's even more complicated. In addition to the difference in the number of colors, there is another problem - the colors are not the same. The Japanese, like the British, believe that there are six colors in the rainbow. And they will be happy to name them for you: red, orange, yellow, blue, indigo and violet. Where did the green go? Nowhere, it’s simply not in the Japanese language. The Japanese, when rewriting Chinese characters, lost the green character (it exists in Chinese). Now in Japan there is no green color, which leads to funny incidents. A Russian specialist working in Japan complained about how he once had to look for a long time for a blue (aoi) folder on his desk. Only the green one lay in plain sight. Which the Japanese see as blue. And not because they are color blind, but because in their language there is no such color as green. That is, it seems to be there, but it’s a shade of blue, like our scarlet – a shade of red. Now, under external influence, there is, of course, the color green (midori) - but from their point of view, this is a shade of blue (aoi). That is, not the main color. So they get blue cucumbers, blue folders and blue traffic lights.
The British will agree with the Japanese on the number of colors, but not on the composition. The English (and other Romance languages) do not have blue in their language. And if there is no word, then there is no color. They, of course, are also not colorblind, and they distinguish cyan from dark blue, but for them it is just “light blue” - that is, not the main one. So the Englishman would have been looking for the mentioned folder even longer.
Thus, the perception of colors depends only on a specific culture. And thinking in a particular culture depends heavily on language. The question of “colors of the rainbow” is not a matter of physics and biology. It should be dealt with by linguistics and, even more broadly, by philology, since the colors of the rainbow depend only on the language of communication, there is nothing a priori physical behind them. The spectrum of light is continuous, and its arbitrarily selected areas (“colors”) can be called whatever you like - with the words that exist in the language. There are seven colors in the rainbow of the Slavic peoples only because there is a separate name for blue (cf. the British) and green (cf. the Japanese).
But the problems of flowers don’t end there; life is even more confusing. In the Kazakh language, for example, the rainbow has seven colors, but the colors themselves do not match the Russian ones. The color that is translated into Russian as blue is in the Kazakh perception a mixture of blue and green, yellow is a mixture of yellow and green. That is, what is considered a mixture of colors among Russians is considered an independent color among Kazakhs. American orange is by no means our orange, but often rather red (in our understanding). By the way, in the case of hair color, on the contrary, red is red. It’s the same with old languages - L. Gumilyov wrote about the difficulties of identifying colors in Turkic texts with Russian ones, for example “sary” - it can be the color of gold, or the color of leaves, because occupies part of the “Russian yellow” range and part of the “Russian green”.
Colors also change over time. In the Kiev collection of 1073 it is written: “In the rainbow, the properties are red, and blue, and green, and crimson.” Then, as we see, in Rus' four colors were distinguished in the rainbow. But what are these colors? Now we would understand them as red, blue, green and red. But it was not always so. For example, what we call white wine was called green wine in ancient times. Crimson could mean any dark color, even black. And the word red was not a color at all, but originally meant beauty, and in this sense it was preserved in the combination “red maiden”.
How many colors are there really in a rainbow? This question makes virtually no sense. The wavelengths of visible light (in the range of 400-700 nm) can be called whatever colors are convenient - they, the waves, are neither warm nor cold. In a real rainbow, of course, there is an infinite number of “colors” - a full spectrum, and you can select as many “colors” from this spectrum as you like (conventional colors, linguistic ones, those for which we can come up with words).
An even more correct answer would be: not at all, colors do not exist in nature at all - only our imagination creates the illusion of color. R.A. Wilson liked to quote an old Zen koan on this subject: “Who is the Master who makes the grass green?” Buddhists have always understood this. The colors of the rainbow are created by the same Master. And he can create them in completely different ways. As someone noted: “steelworkers distinguish a lot of shades in the transition from yellow to red...”
The same Wilson also noted the following point: “Did you know that an orange is ‘really’ blue? It absorbs blue light that passes through its skin. But we see an orange as “orange” because there is no orange light in it. The orange light reflects off its skin and hits the retina of our eyes. The “essence” of the orange is blue, but we don’t see it; in our brains orange is orange, and we see it. Who is the Master who makes an orange orange?
Osho wrote about the same thing: “Each ray of light consists of seven colors of the rainbow. Your clothes are red for one strange reason. They are not red. Your clothes absorb six colors from the beam of light - all except red. Red is reflected back. The remaining six are absorbed. Because red is reflected, it gets into other people's eyes, so they see your clothes as red. It is a very contradictory situation: your clothes are not red, that is why they appear red.” Let us note that for Osho the rainbow is seven-colored, even though he already lived in “six-colored” America.
From the point of view of modern biology, a person sees three colors in a rainbow, because a person perceives shades by three types of cells. Physiologically, according to modern concepts, healthy people should distinguish between three colors: red, green, blue (Red, Green, Blue - RGB). In addition to cells that respond only to brightness, some cones in the human eye respond selectively to wavelength. Biologists have identified three types of color-sensitive cells (cones) - that is, RGB. Three colors are enough for us to create any shade. The rest of the infinite number of different intermediate shades is completed by the brain, based on the ratios of irritability of these three types of cells. Is this the final answer? Not really, this is also just a convenient model (In “reality”, the eye’s sensitivity to blue is significantly lower than to green and red).
Thais, like us, are taught in school that there are seven colors in the rainbow. The veneration of the number seven arose in ancient times due to humanity’s knowledge of the then seven celestial bodies known to it (the moon, the sun and the five planets). This is where the seven-day week appeared in Babylon. Each day corresponded to its planet. This system was adopted by the Chinese and spread further. Over time, the number seven became almost sacred; each day of the week had its own god. The Christian “six-day” with an additional day off on Sunday (in Russian, originally called “week” - from “not to do”) spread throughout the world. So it is unlikely that Newton could have “discovered” another number of colors in the rainbow.
But in everyday life, the number of perceived colors among Thais depends on where they live. The city will soon have an official number of seven. But in the provinces it’s different. Moreover, the colors of the rainbow can vary even in neighboring villages. For example, in some settlements in the northeast there are two orange colors, “som” and “sed.” The second word means something like “more orange.” As is the case, say, with the Chukchi, who have more different names for the color white in their language, since they have long distinguished shades of white snow, the Thais’ selection of a separate color is not accidental. In those places, a beautiful “dokjang” flower grows on the trees, the color of which is different from the usual color of the catfish orange.
We all know the saying from childhood: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits,” there is also a less popular version: “How once Jean the bell-ringer knocked down a lantern with his head.” Using the initial letters of these sayings, we remember the names and sequence of colors of such an unusual and beautiful natural phenomenon as a rainbow.
Humanity has associated the rainbow with many beliefs and legends. In ancient Greek mythology, for example, a rainbow is the road along which the messenger walked between the world of the gods and the world of people, Iris. The ancient Slavs believed that the rainbow drinks water from lakes, rivers and seas, which then rains on the earth. And in the Bible, a rainbow appears after the global flood, as a symbol of the union of God and humanity. The rainbow has inspired and will continue to inspire many poets, artists and photographers to create the most vibrant works of art. It also appears in many folk signs related to weather prediction. For example, a rainbow that is tall and steep foretells good weather, while a rainbow that is low and flat foretells bad weather.
It is generally accepted that a rainbow consists of seven primary colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. It is believed that the seven colors of the rainbow were first identified by Isaac Newton; initially he designated only five (red, yellow, green, blue and violet), but then increased the number of colors to seven, which corresponds to the number of notes in the scale.
So how does a rainbow form? After rain, while small droplets of water are still held by air currents, the rays of the sun pass through them, are refracted, reflected and return to us at an angle of 42 degrees. When the sun's rays pass through the droplets, the light is split into colors ranging from red to violet. Sometimes we see not one, but two rainbows in the sky; the reason for the appearance of the second, like the first, is the refraction and reflection of light in water droplets. The rays of sunlight have time to reflect twice from the inner surface of each droplet.
How many colors are there in a rainbow?
The larger the water drops, the brighter and more saturated the colors of the rainbow. Two people standing next to each other cannot see exactly the same rainbow, because... The size and density of droplets may vary from place to place.
But gradually the number and size of water droplets decreases, they either evaporate or fall to the ground, the rainbow loses its brightness, and then disappears altogether...
Of course, a rainbow can be seen not only after or during rain; a rainbow also forms near waterfalls, fountains, and against the background of any curtain of water, including an artificially created one.
A rainbow can also be seen at night, but then it will be less bright, since moonlight is less intense than sunlight, and in low light the sensitivity of our eyes is lost; only the retinal receptors that perceive gray tones work. This phenomenon is rare, because... At night, a rainbow appears only if the moon is full and not covered by clouds, and there is heavy rain.
Sometimes there are rainbows in winter, so there is always a chance that we will see this miracle of nature.
Literature
1. Trifonov E.D. Once again about the rainbow
2. Geguzin Ya.E. Who makes the rainbow?
The colors of the rainbow are 7 spectral tones into which a white beam of light is split. As a celestial phenomenon, it is considered fabulously beautiful and is often depicted in art, creativity, and other cultural fields.
7 tones can be remembered with a simple counting rhyme: Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits. Capital letters are the names of the shades.
These 7 colors are located in the rainbow in descending order of wavelength ()
To make it easy to remember the arrangement of tones in a rainbow, there is a nursery rhyme.
The colors of the rainbow are the original, natural range of tones, relative to which all available shades are constructed, with the exception of achromatic, complex and intermediate ones.
Achromatic colors include: white, black, gray. For complex ones: neutral, brown, beige. Intermediate: pink, purple, since they are not spectral, but the result of visualization of the display of red and violet wavelengths (shortest + longest) on the retina.
The rainbow is a heavenly gift in the understanding of color, its ancestor and inspirer. This is aesthetics, symbolism, which takes place in many religions.
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