Morphology.

Functional parts of speech.

Compiled by Trushova E.A.

Approved at the meeting

Departments of the MPRKY "____"_______

Protocol No. __________________

Head Department Gudyreva T.A.

Syktyvkar, 2009

This manual includes some comments on the study of functional parts of speech by full-time and part-time students of the Faculty of PIMNO. The comments are supplemented by samples of analysis, ongoing tasks to consolidate the material, and laboratory (independent) tasks aimed at developing the ability to find illustrative material in individual texts. The application contains sample tests on the topics studied.

The manual has been tested.

1. Introduction. Functional parts of speech. Page 2

2. Prepositions page 3

3. Unions page 6

4. Particles page 9

5. Modal words p. 11

6. Interjections page 13

7. Onomatopoeia p.15

8. Transitional phenomena in morphology p.16

SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH

The morphological category of PARTIALITY finds its expression in the opposition of the most general, basic grams. classes of words that differ in general categorical grammatical meaning and private morphological categories specific to each class, and other formal features (peculiarities of word formation, grammatical compatibility with different parts of speech.)

The distribution of words into parts of speech is important not only for morphology, but also for vocabulary, word formation, and syntax. Therefore, features of syntactic functioning and word-formation properties are noted as additional features.

SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH call the relationships that exist between phenomena of reality. Functional ones include particles, prepositions and conjunctions. The contrast between independent and auxiliary parts of speech forms the basis of the category of partial speech.

It is noteworthy that in the first Russian grammar of M.V. Lomonosov, only the name and the verb were considered the “main” parts of speech, while the rest were “service”. In the 19th century, F.I. Buslaev classified numerals and pronouns, pronominal adverbs and auxiliary verbs as service verbs, in addition to prepositions and conjunctions. Already in the 20th century, A.A. Shakhmatov considered numerals, pronouns and some adverbs “unsignificant”

Independent and auxiliary parts of speech are contrasted with MODAL WORDS (by the way, probably therefore), which express the speaker’s subjective attitude to what is being said; in a sentence they are usually introductory words.

A special place in the system of parts of speech is occupied by INTERJECTS (ah, hey, hurray, oh-oh-oh...), which express (but do not name!) the emotions of the speaker.

S.S. play an important role in the grammatical structure of the Russian language. They have a more abstract meaning compared to independent words. According to the time of its appearance in the Russian language, S.S. for the most part, they are “younger” than independent words and are formed primarily from them. The average quantitative ratio of independent and function words in the ESL is 3:1, with possible deviations from the average level for authors and works.

The difference is also that S.S. cannot form a sentence, in that they have great originality in meaning - their lexical meaning dissolves in the grammatical one, although it does not disappear without a trace. They require subtle and careful observation.

In pronunciation, the majority of S.S. merges with neighboring words without having its own accent. They do not obey some phonetic laws of the Russian language: deafening of noisy voiced consonants at the end of prepositions before vowels, before sonorants and before noisy voiced consonants of a special type is not observed (above you, above this - our city is beautiful, this city is great).

PRETEXT

A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to connect a noun with other words in a phrase or sentence ( enter the house, my friend and I). Sometimes a preposition connects pronouns ( from me to you), Cardinal numbers ( add to two), substantivized parts of speech ( arrived with greeters).

With the help of prepositions, various relationships of inflected words in the forms of indirect cases to other words in a sentence can be conveyed:

1) object ( think about a friend, miss your daughter);

2) circumstances

Temporary (on Wednesday, for two days, in a week);

Spatial ( in the village, at home, behind the house, along the street);

Causal ( due to illness, from fear, due to chance);

Target ( for show, for glory, to prepare for the parade);

Concessive (despite the weather, contrary to predictions);

3) qualitative-definitive ( motorcycle with sidecar, striped dress),

4) comparative-like ( the size of a watermelon);

5) compatibility ( talked to my brother, go with a friend).

Most prepositions are used with a strictly defined case form and cannot be used with others. These prepositions are unambiguous. For example: the preposition K is used with the Dative case, the prepositions DO, FROM, FOR, U, FOR - with the Genitive case. Some prepositions are used with two cases (ZA - with Accusative and Prepositional cases), rarely a preposition can control three cases (PO - Dative, Accusative, Prepositional cases). In this case, a preposition can convey several relationships. For example: the preposition NA can have 33 meanings (targets – goes to relatives for pies, object – shouted at the driver). Such prepositions are polysemantic.

Expressing relationships, prepositions are comparable in grammatical meaning to case endings, therefore they act together with them in a single functional complex, forming a prepositional-case construction that is integral in meaning. It is no coincidence that the prepositional case form often expresses the same grammatical meaning as the prepositional case construction. Compare: tell a friend – turn to a friend(objective), go through the forest - go through the forest(spatial).

The preposition is closely connected not only with the dependent word in the phrase, but also with the main word: often, with the help of a preposition, the shades of meaning of the main word are distinguished: consist FROM ( particles) –consist IN ( members). The main word can determine the meaning of a preposition: come IN library(spatial), turn IN library(objective).

Regardless of the semantic relationships expressed, some words require a certain preposition due to their combinable forms (preface TO.., miss BY.., depend FROM…). The Russian language is also characterized by the dependence of the preposition on the verb prefix ( drive into a yard, drive over a fence, drive off the road).

When used with indeclinable nouns, prepositions are the only formal indicators of case meaning: FROM coat(R.p.), THROUGH coat(V.p.), K coat(D.p.), C coat(t.p.), o coat(P.p.).

Russian prepositions usually come before a noun (or an agreed adjective), very rarely they are in postposition ( contrary to reason, for what?).

By origin, prepositions are divided into

1) primitives (non-derivatives) – ancient. They cannot be associated in origin with any part of speech ( without, before, above with etc.);

2) non-primitive (derivatives). They have motivated relationships with significant parts of speech.

According to their structure (morphological composition), prepositions are:

1) simple - consist of one word ( near, about, to, with);

2) compound - consist of the case form of a noun with a primitive preposition preceding it ( in continuation, during, during);

3) Recently, complex prepositions have begun to develop - combining the case form named after. noun with preceding and following simple primitive prepositions ( in connection with, depending on, on the way to, in the direction of), characteristic of official business and scientific styles. (*Russian language Part 2 /Ed. Maksimov). Prepositional combinations are used with one specific case.

* The prepositions FROM, FROM UNDER, BY-FOR, BY-ABOVE are formed by adding two simple prepositions.

Primary prepositions have a mostly neutral stylistic connotation, only a few have a sublime connotation in the text: among, through, before, before. In some contexts, prepositions begin to take on a colloquial tone ( film about love, let's go pick some berries).

Parsing scheme

1. Part of speech.

2. What words does it go with?

3. In what case is it used?

4. Can it be used with other cases, which ones?

5. What relationships does it express (spatial, temporal, attributive, etc.)?

6. Education group: - non-derivative,

Derivative (adverbial, denominal, verbal).

7. Group by structure: simple, complex, composite.

Sample parsing

And Syomka, who had been rowing against the current all these days, waved his hand. (V. Shukshin)

Raked against the current (against what?) – against is a preposition, combined with a participle and a noun, used with Rod. case, is not used with other cases, because derivative, expresses object relations, derivative adverbial, simple.

Laboratory task

1. Highlight prepositions in the text, determine the relationships they express.

In Chernobrovka there was a church, large, with a high bell tower, and Talitskaya seemed to be deliberately hidden from idle gaze. There is a white beauty standing in the greenery - how old it is! Who's happy? What was the unknown master thinking about when he left behind this bright stone fairy tale? At sunrise (it rises from behind the slope), on clear days the church lit up from the top crown and gradually the entire wall was engulfed in light fire, from the cross to the foundation. Down along the walls there is a stone butt, the height of a man. For what, Semka didn’t understand at first. At the very top, the dome is made of some special stone - it’s so light and festive there, under the dome. (V. Shukshin. Master)

2. Select illustrative material for the use of prepositions in the text by analyzing the text of one author.

UNION

Conjunctions are function words that connect members of a sentence, or parts of a complex sentence, or sentences in a connected text. They have no lexical meaning and cannot be used as meaningful independent words. They only express the relationship between sentence members and sentences. No.: A messenger rides with a letter And finally arrived. The door creaked softly, And The king enters the little room...(connective relations)

Based on their origin and word-formation structure, conjunctions are divided into primitives and derivatives.

Prototypes are unmotivated and have more ancient origins ( a, or, yes, neither)

Derivatives appeared later. They are formed from pronouns, adverbs, pronominal-adverbial, prepositional-pronominal and other combinations (so that, but, before, in spite of, thanks to the fact that, where, how, etc.).

In modern Russian, the process of forming conjunctions continues. New conjunctions are formed by adding specific words to existing conjunctions, for example: and therefore, and then, and thereby, and therefore, due to the fact that, etc.

According to the morphological composition, unions are divided into

1) simple (consist of one word) – then, but, or, when, also, if;

2) complex (composite) - combine 2 or more verbal elements - since, while, because, as soon as, due to the fact that, since;

Among the components, the group stands out double(not only...but also, since...insofar as...than...then, if...then).

The components of compound conjunctions can follow each other, or can be dissected in other words, as in double conjunctions.

Unions should be distinguished from double unions repetitive in a sentence 2 or more times (that...that, or...or, neither...nor, not that...not that).

According to the nature of the syntactic relations (i.e., according to the function in the sentence), which establish conjunctions between the connected components, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating Conjunctions combine components on the basis of equality, without indicating their dependence on each other (homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence (SSP). Subordinating conjunctions combine unequal components and indicate the dependence of one of them on the other. They are typical for complex sentences (CSS), where the attached component depends on the main part and explains it. May appear in simple sentences: The weather is warm, although windy; The day is warmer than the night; The forest stands like in a fairy tale.

Grammatical meanings depend on the quality of the specific conjunction and the content of the connected components.

Groups of coordinating conjunctions:

1. connective express connecting relationships in which 2 or more homogeneous components are combined ( and, yes, too, also);

2. separating - the connected components either alternate or are mutually exclusive (either, or, either, then, not that);

3. adversative - the connected parts are compared or opposed to each other (a, but, yes (but), but, nevertheless, however, the same);

4. gradational conjunctions, connecting components, highlight the latter, indicating its special importance (not only...but also, not that...but (but), not so much...as);

5. explanatory - conjunctions namely, that is in the second part of a complex sentence, in the clarifying component of a simple sentence, the first part, or any member of the sentence, is explained.

6. adjectives (yes, and, yes and) are found in a complex sentence, one of the parts of which is added in meaning to the previous one.

Groups of subordinating conjunctions:

1. temporary – (when, while, before, barely, slightly) - Syomka sat in the church until a spot of light crept up to his feet.

As soon as the human race appeared, evil appeared. By what laws did I develop before I became like this?

2. causal (because, because, due to the fact that) – We threshed early that day because it was raining. There they advised her to file a complaint, as there was a domestic squabble.

3. conditional (if so, if, once)- If she stays with the driver Volodka, then let her blame herself. You can walk around as long as the floor doesn’t creak. You'd be like cheese in butter if you didn't drink.

4. targeted (in order to, in order to)– Volodka attracted him to amateur activities so that he wouldn’t get bored. And so as not to disturb my son. came out of the upper room.

5. concessional (although, let it be, meanwhile, no matter how, in vain) - No matter what Venya was thinking about, no matter how much his soul ached, he remembered a respectable man.

6. consequences ( so, to the point that) – He will hear and “roll a barrel” at someone in Moscow, so this jargon can end badly.

7. comparative (as if, as if, exactly, as if) - The ledges rattled from above, as if huge stones were being torn down from the mountain. Sonya is already thirty, but she still looks like a little girl. Timofey knew how to scold sweetly and complexly, as if he were weaving a scourge against someone he hated.

8. explanatory (when, if, as if meaning what)– And in the morning we’ll say that we spent the night at the point. I suddenly wanted the rain to pour down, to cut the sky with fiery jagged edges..

Some conjunctions can combine the meanings of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, for example: At least the eye can see. yes it hurts(has an adversative-concessive meaning).

Like words of other parts of speech, conjunctions have a stylistic connotation:

Colloquial (characteristic of oral speech : once, since, since soon)

Book ( for, in view of the fact that, regardless of the fact that, it is good, due to the fact that)

Neutral ( if, when, what, how, or, but)

Unions can move into other parts of speech and become full members of the sentence: A shrill E-I was heard.

It is necessary to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words. Conjunctive words are relative pronouns that perform two functions: they separate parts of a complex sentence and replace the structural components of a simple sentence (usually the subject, object).

Parsing scheme

1. Part of speech.

2. Group by structure: - simple,

Composite.

3. Education group: - derivative,

Non-derivative.

4. Rank by function:

A. Coordinating: 1) connecting,

2) adversarial,

3) separating,

4) connecting.

B. Subordinate: 1) explanatory,

2) causal,

3) spatial,

4) temporary,

5) target, etc.

5. Group of use: - non-repetitive,

Repetitive,

Double.

6. Function in a sentence (what connects?).

Sample parsing

He could take off his last shirt and give it away - if anyone needs it. (V. Shukshin)

If - a conjunction, simple, non-derivative, subordinating, conditional, non-repeating, connects parts of a complex sentence.

Laboratory task

1. Highlight conjunctions and allied words in the text.

The village of Novaya is small, and when Konstantin Ivanovich drove up in a taxi, the whole village immediately recognized it. By evening we found out: he himself is a candidate of sciences, his wife is also a candidate.

...We need to talk about Gleb Kapustin in order to understand why the men gathered on his porch and what they were waiting for.

Somehow it happened that the village of Novaya, even though it is small, produced many noble people. And now Zhuravlev is a candidate. And somehow it happened that when the nobles came to the village on leave, and people crowded into the hut in the evening - they listened to stories or told stories to themselves, if a fellow countryman was interested - then Gleb Kapustin came and cut off the guest. (V. Shukshin. Cut)

2. Select illustrative material for the use of conjunctions in the text by analyzing the text of one author.

PARTICLES

Particles are a part of speech that includes unchangeable, non-significant words that serve to express the semantic, emotional and modal-volitional nuances of words, phrases and sentences.

I'm almost done the job(degree of completion of the action).

I just started working(indication of the beginning of an action)

I'm unlikely to work(reliability questioned)

Won't you work(forms a questioning intonation, conveys surprise)

With the help of particles you can convey various shades: affirmation (yes, yes), denial (no, not, nor), doubt (unless), uncertainty (hardly, hardly), emphasis (exactly, directly), limitation (only, only , only) etc.

According to their meaning and function, all particles are divided into categories:

1. Particles expressing the semantic shades of words.

Determinatives ( barely, exactly, exactly, almost, almost, approximately, just)

Particles that serve to distinguish an object, attribute, action from a number of others or enhance the meaning of the object, attribute, action. These particles are called excretory-restrictive ( only, exclusively, only, even, yet, at least, at least, only, just only). Amplifiers – even, after all, and, well, well, and, also, then, simply, directly, positively, definitely.

I don’t even want to wish you goodnight(even).

Exactlyhe said - he said exactly so - he exactly said, not written(highlights the word with which it is used).

2. Emotionally expressive particles. Express em.-exp. The attitude of the speaker to what is being expressed ( what the, after all, well, that’s it, that’s it, just like that, where there, where how)

Used in exclamatory sentences.

3. Modal and modal-volitional particles. This group expresses the relationship of what is expressed to reality, i.e. they convey an affirmation or denial, a question or an impulse, indicate the reliability of what is being said, a comparison, etc. Examples: yes, no, really, yeah, hardly, hardly, not at all, no, let, let, perhaps, really, as if, like, perhaps.

This also includes particles denoting the subjective transmission of someone else’s speech: they say.

4. Form-forming particles. Serve to form forms of verbs, degrees of comparison: most, more, would, let. They are close to formative affixes in meaning and function.

This classification cannot cover all meanings of particles, because the meanings of some particles are clarified, specified in the sentence,

Many particles have close connections with words of other parts of speech: - elements of adverbs ( literally, completely, directly),

pronouns ( everything, everything, it, this)

verbs ( it was, look)

unions ( and, fortunately, after all, even, let, even though, so that)

prepositions (like)

There is often a combination of particles and conjunctions, particles and adverbs. In this case, they must be qualified in two ways: conjunction-particle, etc.

All particles, except formative ones, are characteristic of colloquial speech and are widely used in fiction. Not typical for scientific and official business styles.

Parsing scheme

1. Part of speech.

2. Rank by value:

A. semantic: - demonstrative,

Definitively - clarifying,

Selective - restrictive,

Reinforcing.

B. modal: - modal-volitional,

Affirmative,

Negative,

Interrogative,

Proper-modal,

Comparative,

Expressing attitude towards someone else's speech.

B. Emotionally expressive.

G. Shape-forming.

3. Education group: - non-derivative,

Derivative.

4. Group by structure: - simple,

Composite.

Sample parsing

One of them probably had his left eye slightly closed for a long time. (V. Shukshin)

A little (closed his eyes) - a semantic particle, excretory-restrictive, non-derivative, simple.

Laboratory task

1. Select particles in the text.

Fools, no matter how many times I have seen them, are almost always kind people; you feel sorry for them and are drawn to philosophizing. It was in vain that they exclaimed: “You shouldn’t feel sorry for the person!” Respect - yes. But respect is something acquired, it comes with culture. Mother is the most respected thing in life, the dearest. Take it away - she has pity, and life in three weeks will turn into a worldwide mess.

...In the corridor all you could hear was:

Mom will come, let her take a little break from you.

...It was as if I wanted to understand: is there even a spark of reason there or has it died out long ago, completely? And I did not come across any thought that I could read in his eyes. (V. Shukshin. Borya)

2. Select illustrative material for the use of particles in the text by analyzing the text of one author.

MODAL WORDS

Modality is a conceptual and grammatical category that expresses the speaker’s attitude to the utterance, the attitude of the utterance to objective reality.

Objective modality is expressed:

1) lexical means (words want, be able, assume, assert, true, false) – modal meanings lie in the semantics of significant words;

2) morphological means (for example, forms of verbal moods) - grammatical features of their part of speech;

3) syntactic means (narrative, incentive, interrogative, affirmative, negative sentences, introductory and plug-in constructions).

Subjective modality is also distinguished, which is expressed by special modal words.

Modal words are a category of words that do not correlate with any particular part of speech, representing a special group of words. MS express the speaker’s attitude to what he is talking about, from the point of view of how this or that fact or event is connected with reality, i.e. from the point of view of its reliability/unreliability.

Thus, they convey a variety of subjective-modal attitudes of the speaker to what and how he speaks.

Modal words do not change. In a sentence, they are not grammatically related to its other members and are not members of the sentence. Most often they act as introductory words, standing out with intonation or punctuation marks. Sometimes they are word-sentences.

By their origin they are related to other significant parts of speech:

With nouns (true, fact, in the end, fortunately),

With short adjectives or adverbs ( true, perhaps, approximately, really, obviously)

With different verb forms (it seems, then, in short, no offense intended, of course, therefore),

With ordinal numbers (Firstly Secondly).

Therefore, there are homonyms among these parts of speech.

Modal words in structure can be written in one word, can be presented in the form of combinations ( maybe, it should be, as they say, so to speak, in fact, not only that).

Lexico-grammatical categories of modal words are established taking into account their semantics and functioning. Usually they are distinguished:

1) indicator of persuasiveness (reliability/unreliability) of the reported ( undoubtedly, of course, certainly, of course, probably, apparently, it seems, maybe);

For example : Grishka is probably feeling sad. By the time we got there, let the horses go and had dinner, the blue was creeping in, but, however, there was no rain.

For example: Some kind of skeleton was sitting with me, wincing: vulgarity, he said, and mannerisms.

3) indicators of emotional assessment of the content of transmitted information ( to everyone's delight, unfortunately). For example: Fortunately, no one left the house.

4) metatext modal words:

Indicators of the order of presentation of thoughts in the text ( firstly, in addition, finally); For example: He threw the rifle, fell, and grabbed his head with his hands...

Means of summarizing, clarifying or supplementing information ( so, in a word, in particular, in other words). For example: In general, the girls performed these ditties from the club stage; there was a cheerful reaction in the audience.

5) phatic modal words that serve to establish optimal speech contact between the speaker and the listener - a call for attention

(understand, hear, imagine, see, know). For example: - What a stupid habit, listen, let go!

Modals are more common in colloquial speech, especially short dialogue. In book language, the use of MS is limited by the stricter requirements of the literary norm. And oral speech is constantly updated with new modal words and expressions.

Parsing scheme

1. Part of speech.

2. Rank by value: - reliability/unreliability,

Emotional,

Metatext,

Phatic.

3. Group by education (correlation with other parts of speech).

Sample parsing

We supposedly understand everything, but nevertheless we must show politeness

Laboratory task

1. Use commas to highlight modal words in the examples:

So we arrived, so to speak, at our destination. The city is simply amazing in beauty, although as we were explained here, it is almost entirely built on stilts. Yes, Peter the Great certainly knew his business well. We saw him by the way.

We saw a fortress here. The guide explained that, firstly, it is now so clean, because the museum is much more of a mockery when it is clean and tidy: mostly political people sat here...

In general we are having a very good time. The weather is really not good, but it’s warm.

(V. Shukshin. Post scriptum)

2. Select illustrative material for the use of modal words in the text by analyzing the text of one author.

INTERJOINTS

Interjections do not correlate with any particular part of speech, but with the entire set of independent words, on the one hand, and function words, on the other.

The term “interjection” itself is a morphemic translation (calque) from the Latin interjectio, which means “throwing in.” Therefore, an interjection is a word, as if “thrown” (throw - throw) between words. M.V. Lomonosov wrote it this way with U - “interjection”

Interjections express emotions, do not change, are not syntactically related to other words, but when syntactic relations appear, they become independent parts of speech ( oohs and oohs were heard).

All interjections can be divided into groups according to their meaning:

1. EMOTIONAL - express feelings (joy, delight, approval, surprise, bewilderment, fear, pleasure, fear, protest, sadness, contempt, etc.) This is the main group.

Often the same word, pronounced with different intonation, takes on many meanings. So, for example, the interjection A! can express joy, pleasure, surprise, fear, dissatisfaction, disdain, and groan. They give a description and assessment of events, conditions, etc.

Emotions are expressed by simple non-derivative interjections: a , ah, oh, oh, oh, wow, uh etc. They are all multi-valued.

Derived interjections that come from full-valued words: Mother! Bravo! My God! God! Damn it! Lid! Sabbath! Kaput!

For example:

It’s terrible what was going on in Spirka’s soul!

Oh my God! Mother-in-law...

Oooh, idiot...

2. IMPERATIVE (incentive) – express the will, various types of motivation ( out, chick, well, sss, shh, march, let's go, hello, scat).

On- urge to take something; Hey– motivation to act quickly and actively; Stop, Shh, Basta,– a prohibition to act, a call for silence, for the end of work; Ida, Marsh- requirement to start moving.

For example:

Tsit! – the old man said angrily.

Give it up!.. - Andrey shrugged his shoulders.

3. ETIQUETTE - speech formulas of politeness ( hello, thank you, goodbye)

For example: Be healthy!

Enjoy Your Bath!

According to their origin and formation, interjections can be:

simple (primary, non-derivative) - consist of one sound (all vowels, except Y – e, a, o, e, i, y); of one or two syllables ( ah, eh, yeah, wow). They can appear in double or triple form, they can be combined with particles, with a verbal postfix.

Derivatives - formed from frozen case forms of inflected words ( priests, horror, trouble, pipes, that's it, to hell); various verb forms ( come on, look, excuse me); from adverbs ( full); from onomatopoeia ( clap, grab).

They can be compound - be phrases and receive a special - emphatically exclamatory intonation - That's the thing! So much for you! That's cranberry! Here you go! Damn it! Here's another!– Such combinations lose their lexical meaning and become a direct expression of feelings and sensations.

Unlike other categories of words, the sound composition of interjections can vary, maintaining the same meaning, for example, GM – MM, TS – TSS!

They are at the beginning of a sentence and are separated by commas; they can represent a separate interjection-sentence with an emotional connotation, an exclamation.

Parsing scheme

1. Part of speech.

2. Rank by meaning: - emotional,

Incentive,

Expresses the norms of speech etiquette.

3. Rank by education: - non-derivative,

Derivative (correlative with nouns, with pronouns, with verbs, with verbal forms, with adverbs, with phraseological units).

Sample parsing

You need a miracle, a miracle. Oh my God! And there is a miracle at every step. (V. Shukshin)

Oh my God - an emotional interjection, derivative - correlative with a noun.

Laboratory task

1) Highlight interjections in the texts.

Baba Yaga's daughter entered the hut:

Fu-fu-fu,” she said. It smells like Russian spirit. Who is here?

Dinner,” said Baba Yaga. And she laughed: Ha-ha-ha!..

Yah? My daughter was pleasantly surprised. -Oh, what a surprise!

...Tsit! The trees are green! - said the guard. - “Kamarinskaya”! Ivan will dance for us.

“Oh, help,” Ivan exclaimed angrily and bitterly. – You’re costing me dearly! -A-I-I-I-Yay!

Then the monk guard climbed out of the ditch and went to his former place:

Come on, shoot! - he said to the devil. How are you here?

(V. Shukshin Until the third roosters.)

2) Select illustrative material for the use of interjections in the text by analyzing the text of one author.

SOUND IMITATIVE WORDS

These are unchangeable words that convey the sounds of living and inanimate nature, and serve to depict the actions and behavior of people and animals:

She walked around the garden, calling the chickens: “Chick-chick-chick…”

The door opened with a quiet pleasant sigh: “P-ah...”

Grishka was also confused... With his eyes clap-clap... And again with his eyes - glaring-glaring.

He somehow howled, somehow moaned protractedly: - Uh-uh... uh...

They do not express emotions and are usually not isolated from other words in a sentence, performing the functions of one or another member of the sentence - Oink-oink is sleeping.

A peculiarity of the semantics of onomatopoeia is the sound motivation of their meanings. However, in different languages, onomatopoeias corresponding to the same meaning are different: (Russian) Bow-wow- (English) Bow wow, (Russian) Kwa-kwa– (Australian) Twonk-twonk. Consequently, onomatopoeia is part of the lexical composition of a language and is recorded in dictionaries. At the same time, they do not represent a special part of speech, but are specific “substitutes” for nouns and verbs. At the same time, the same word can perform the functions of either a name (Our av-av ran away) or a verb (The dog is still av-av, angry at someone).

Onomatopoeia can give rise to verbs - groan, giggle, trill; noun - oohs and aahs.

Laboratory task

Select illustrative material for the use of onomatopoeia in the text by analyzing the text of one author.

Transitional phenomena in morphology

Homonymy of parts of speech arises as a result of the replenishment of the vocabulary of various parts of speech during the transition of words or word forms from one part of speech to another.

Words of significant parts of speech more often turn into auxiliary ones; there are few cases of transition in the opposite direction. Within significant parts of speech, one can observe a more frequent transition of some parts of speech ( For example, adjectives into nouns), others - rare cases.

At the same time, the word does not change its external appearance or form; its semantic, morphological and syntactic properties change.

In some cases, the transition becomes a fact of language, i.e. the word becomes commonly used and is registered in dictionaries ( For example: brilliant– the adjective is formed from the participle). In other cases, the transition is used only in a given context (eg: My please will always respect yours).

ONOMATOPOEIA(onomatopoeia, ideophone), a word that serves to imitate the sounds of the surrounding reality using language. For example, in the Russian language there is a large group of words denoting sounds made by animals: meow, woof-woof, qua-qua, chik-chirk. Other words convey non-speech sounds produced by humans: cough-cough, smack, ha-ha-ha, as well as various other sounds of the surrounding world: bang, drip-drip, bang, bang-bang.

Onomatopoeia is of particular interest for the philosophy of language and semiotics. Unlike most linguistic units, onomatopoeias are iconic signs (i.e. signs that directly reproduce the essential features of an object). In fact, ordinary words are characterized by a random or arbitrary connection between meaning and form: the fact that the object from which we drink beer is indicated in Russian using a sequence of sounds mug, is in no way related to any properties of this item. Such signs are called unmotivated, since their form, sound appearance, has no motivation, no reason for being exactly that way. On the contrary, the sound composition of onomatopoeia is not accidental: it is motivated by the corresponding sound of the external world.

So, onomatopoeia is unusual in that it has a direct resemblance to the sounds of the outside world. Some of them are characterized by a non-standard sound appearance; for example, in the word apchhi a combination of three consonants is used, which is rare for the Russian language. Another feature of onomatopoeia is that they often have phonetic variations: for example, a dog barking is conveyed using sound sequences woof-woof, aw-aw And waf-waf.

On the other hand, onomatopoeias are units of language and use the sound composition of the language, so they cannot be completely identical to natural sounds. Each language masters the sounds of the outside world in its own way, and onomatopoeias of different languages ​​do not coincide with each other, although they often have similarities. For example, Russian crow corresponds to a very similar word in French ( cocorico) – and not at all similar in English: cock-a-doodle-doo. Apparently, one of the reasons for the dissimilarity of onomatopoeia in different languages ​​lies in the fact that the source sounds themselves, as a rule, have a complex nature, and since their exact imitation by means of language is impossible, each language chooses one of the components of this sound as a model for imitation.

The number of onomatopoeia in a particular language is open. As a rule, there is a group of generally accepted and commonly used onomatopoeias, which may even be included in dictionaries. However, in addition to them, there are other onomatopoeic words in speech, formed as necessary when a person encounters new, unusual sounds from the outside world, cf. (we are talking about a puppy): When Tyupa is very surprised or sees something incomprehensible and interesting, he moves his lips and repeats:« tyup-tyup-tyup-tyup..."(E. Charushin).

The composition of onomatopoeia characteristic of a particular language varies greatly depending on the characteristics of the culture and geographic environment of the people who speak the language. In the Russian language, for example, there is no onomatopoeia denoting the sound of a flying arrow, but in one of the languages ​​of the South American Indians there is: toro tai. Interjection thhee another South American language conveys the sound of a canoe hitting the shore. One of the languages ​​of Papua New Guinea has an onomatopoeia for the sound of the sea: The sea falls and rises: bahu baha and. And in one North African language there is a special word for the sound of silence: hal. But can it be called sound imitation?

Some languages ​​have a separate group of so-called verbal onomatopoeias. These words are used in a sentence as a predicate, but do not have any grammatical features of ordinary verbs - tense, mood, person, number, etc. As a rule, they indicate sudden movements: Plunging into the water;Bang from a gun;Wolf clicks his teeth.

However, there are also ordinary verbs that are onomatopoeic in nature. For some of them, for example for slap or clap, there is a corresponding onomatopoeia ( spank,clap), however, for the majority there is no such correspondence - cf. rustle, Twitter, laugh and so on. The Swahili language has special onomatopoeic verbs with meanings fall into the sand, fall into the water, fall into the mud, fall (about the waterfall), fall(about the coin), fall (about the thread).

Linguists love to find correspondences between the phonetic appearance of such verbs and the sample sound. For example, researchers of the Hungarian language claim that whistling and hissing consonants in this language are found in words that convey whistling, rattling sounds (hiss, suck, sniff, rustle, whisper, howl), high-pitched sounds are often conveyed by vowels i(squeak, crackle, squeal), and nasal consonants m And n often found in words that convey intermittent and muffled sounds: grumble, mutter, speak under your breath. There is even a separate area in linguistics devoted to the study of correspondences between the type of sound and the type of meaning; This phenomenon is called sound symbolism, or sound imagery. For example, in West African languages, where vowel sounds differ in tone, a high tone is characteristic of words denoting something small, thin or narrow, and a low tone is characteristic of words denoting something large, thick or wide. Such words, of course, cannot be called onomatopoeia, but they also have a form that is motivated by content. Some researchers suggest that there are common connections between sound and meaning that are universal to all languages ​​of the world.

It has long been noted that onomatopoeia is one of the first words in the speech of young children. Many children use the word "dog" aw, and the car - trrr-trrr. This is usually explained by the fact that, having an obvious connection between form and content, motivated signs are easier to master. There is even a so-called theory of onomatopoeia, according to which onomatopoeia were the first words that a person uttered when he began to speak. This theory may seem convincing, but the trouble with all theories about the origin of language is that they are completely unprovable.

Nina Dobrushina

In Russian, without interjections, it would be extremely difficult to express a variety of feelings and emotions, since this part of speech gives the language a rich coloring. A special place is occupied by onomatopoeic interjections, imitating the sounds of nature or objects. These are the ones that will be discussed in this article.

What are interjections and onomatopoeic words?

Interjection is a special unchangeable part of speech that serves to express various emotions and feelings without naming them. For example: Oh! Eh! Hey! Aw! etc.

Onomatopoeic words- these are words with the help of which the sounds made by different animals or objects are conveyed as accurately as possible.

Why do interjections and onomatopoeic words stand apart?

Interjections cannot be classified as either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. These words play no role in the structure of the sentence. Usually there is an exclamation point after the interjection.

For example: Wow! I have never seen such beauty in my life!

If an interjection is part of a sentence, it, like an address, is separated by one or two commas.

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After the interjection ABOUT, as a rule, there is no comma.

If the word Well has the meaning of amplification, there is also no comma after it: Well, how can you not please your loved one!

If the interjection Well used to express continuation or uncertainty, it will be separated by a comma: Well, they decided to ford the river.

How do interjections differ from onomatopoeic words?

Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words are devoid of any emotional meaning. They simply convey the sounds of nature: dogs barking, sheep bleating, wind humming, cow mooing, flute music, snoring, whistling, etc.

For example: woof-woof, me-me-me, ooo-oo, mu-mu, fu-fu, ding-ding-ding, etc.

Table Ranks of interjections by meaning

Depending on the origin, interjections are also divided into two categories - derivatives and non-derivatives. The first came from significant parts of speech. The latter consist of one or more repeated syllables, several consonants and are not associated with any meaningful words.

Spelling interjections and onomatopoeias

Non-derivative interjections are written in the same way as they are pronounced. Complex interjections and onomatopoeia are written with a hyphen, for example: wow, tryn-grass, ah-ah-ah, ku-ku, kitty-kiss-kiss etc.

Derivative interjections are written in the same way as the words from which they were formed.

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July 11, 2016

Onomatopoeic words and interjections play a special role in the Russian language. Without them, we would have difficulty expressing our feelings. We will study the morphological properties of these parts of speech, their categories, grammatical features, as well as their other functions in more detail in this article.

Interjections

This part of speech, according to the school curriculum, is studied in the sixth or seventh grade. Although they stack with her much more often. Even in childhood, when a child cannot speak, these are his first sounds. Interjections in our language are usually called a special group of speech that helps express emotions and feelings. Linguists place them in a special category. From a morphological point of view, they are part of speech. However, they stand apart from independent and function words. In terms of functionality, they do not carry any semantic meaning. That is, these words have no meanings, only indirect ones. Then they cannot be called independent.

As for the auxiliary ones, which help connect words in a sentence and text, they also did not transfer their functions to interjections. These words do not “serve” anyone and do not mean anything. What is it then? These are the most common emotions when we don’t have enough words to express them more formally. Let's say: “Ah!”, and everyone will understand that something surprised us. We hear: “Shh!”, and immediately fall silent, since this word means the cessation of conversations or any actions. Sentences with interjections are more emotional and convey much more deeply what cannot always be said in words.

Compare: “Oh, it hurts!” and “It hurts me.” Both of these sentences convey the same meaning. However, the first conveys a person’s momentary sensation, while the second can also mean a long-term feeling of pain. It will be enough just to groan, and those who are nearby will understand us.

Origin

The terms “onomatopoeic words” and “interjections” appeared a long time ago, back in the early seventeenth century. The linguist Smotrytsky introduced them into use in 1619. Then he called them “interjections,” that is, what was said between words. In fact, that is what they are.

Some were formed, as they say, spontaneously, from our cries. For example, such as “A”, “O”, “Fu”, “Ah” do not have a special origin story. This is our involuntary reaction to any stimulus.

The well-known word “Bayu-bai” takes its roots from the ancient Russian word to speak (bayat). Thus, when putting the baby to bed, parents seem to be telling him to fall asleep.

The familiar word “hello”, which we say when answering a call, came to us from England. Its direct meaning is hello, which translates to “Hello.” By picking up the phone, we let you know that we can hear the other person, while at the same time greeting him.

Modern slang creates new onomatopoeic words and interjections every year. The forms “Oops”, “Cool”, “Blah blah” appeared. All of them are related to our usual “Ah”, “Wow”, “Yes-yes”.

That is, over time, some interjections disappear, and are replaced by others, more relevant today.

Word formation

Like any part of speech, interjections have their own special ways of formation. The following are distinguished:

• Using affixes. From the word “A” the more affectionate “Ainki” is formed.
• Transition from one b.r. to the other: “Fathers! "(from noun), "Stunned!" (from the verb), "Cool!" (from an adverb).
• Fusion: “Here you go,” “Don’t tell me.”
• Addition: "Kiss-kiss."

The variety of word formation methods proves that this part of speech is not as simple as it seems at first glance.

Structure

Several types of interjections are classified depending on how many parts they consist of. The first group is simple. Their structure contains only one word and one root. Examples: “Oh”, “Alas”, “Eh”.

The next type is called complex. They received this name due to the fact that they are made up of several roots. For example: “ah-ah-ah”, “yes-yes-yes”, “father-lights”, “whoa”.

The last group in terms of structure is compound interjections. They are formed from a few simple words: “alas and ah,” “here you go.” As a rule, this group comes from nouns to which interjections are added.

Kinds

It is customary to subdivide them into several types.

1. Incentive. They, replacing full-meaning words, signal that it’s time to act: “Come on faster!”, “Hey, tell me how to get here!”, “Shh, speak more quietly - the child is sleeping.”
2. Emotional. Such words involuntarily escape from a person when he is surprised or frightened: “Oh, how sweet it is!” “Oh, what a strong thunderstorm!”
3. Label. Not everyone knows that the words “Hello”, “Goodbye”, “Thank you” that are familiar to us belong to the class of interjections. They have no independent meaning, conveying only our polite intonation. For example: “Please let me go for a walk. Thank you very much for your help! Hello, friends!”

Without the words of this group, it is unlikely that a well-mannered person can imagine his life. They help not only to decorate our speech, but also give it a certain charm.

Punctuation

How is this part of speech distinguished in writing? Sentences with interjections usually have commas.

For example: “Oh, how quickly the vacation flew by!” A comma is placed after the emotional word because it is at the beginning of the sentence. Similar examples: “Wow, there are so many of you here!”, “Ugh, how ugly of you.”

The interjection “o” occupies a special place. When used together with other words, it is not separated by commas: “Oh, the air, how pure you are!”, “Oh no, I have to refuse you in this matter.”

In the sentence “Well, how can you decide and call?!” the word “well” is not isolated, since it has the meaning of reinforcement. In the case when it denotes the duration of an action, it must be highlighted with a comma: “Well, I don’t know how long this will last.”

The interjection “what,” which is used as the highest degree of something, is not isolated: “What a wonderful evening!”, “What a slob you are!”

Onomatopoeic words and their difference from interjections

A special category includes words that imitate any sounds. They, unlike interjections, do not carry any emotionality. Their main function is to convey a similar sound. For example, the ticking of a clock is conveyed in writing by the word “Tick-tock.” When we hear a beetle flying past, we will reproduce its flight as “Zhzhzh.” And there are many such examples.

In addition, this part of speech is actively involved in the formation of various words: woof - bark, oink - grunt, hee-hee - giggle.

Their most important difference from interjections is their different role in the language. At first glance, they are very similar. However, there is no point in confusion, since onomatopoeic words do not convey a person’s feelings and emotions. They just repeat the sound.

Rank

Onomatopoeic words in Russian are divided into several subtypes:

• Animal voices (including birds): crow (rooster), meow (kitten), ooh (owl), pee-pee (mouse).
• Natural sounds: bang-bang (thunder), boom (something fell), pshsh (the hiss of water).
• Imitation of musical instruments: ding-dong (ringing a bell), strumming (playing a guitar).
• Sounds made by people: crunch (eating a carrot), stomp stomp (someone is walking), clop (wearing heels).

These are the most common categories of this part of speech. Onomatopoeic words and interjections form a special group in the Russian language, being neither independent nor functional.

Syntactic role

It is very interesting that in rare cases such small words can be different parts of a sentence. Interjections and onomatopoeic words, examples of which we have repeatedly given above, are:

• Definitions. For example: “Oh yes, it’s a holiday!” In this case, the interjection “Oh yes” answers the question “Which one?”, replacing the word “Wonderful”.
• Addition: And suddenly in the distance we heard a quiet “Aw!”
• Predicate: And the door suddenly - “Blam!”
• Subjects: And then a loud “Hurray” was heard.

The role of interjections and onomatopoeic words in speech

Without these seemingly simple words, our language would be very poor. After all, most of them are formed impulsively, regardless of our desire. Call for help, cry out in fear, be surprised by an action - all these are interjections, onomatopoeic words. We looked at the first punctuation marks earlier. But the sounds made by someone or something do not stand out in writing. If necessary, only quotes are placed in sentences where there is direct speech.

Speech using this category becomes much more emotional. It's hard to contain our joy when something happens that we've been waiting for a long time. For example: “Wow! Finally, it happened!” Or at a difficult moment, when a person involuntarily sighs: “Eh, nothing good came of it.”

But how to convey the sounds that animals make? Only with the help of special words. Without them it is almost impossible to do this. Such words try to convey similar sounds, such as the moo of a cow or the grunt of a pig.

Exercises

In order to consolidate the material covered, the children perform special tasks, repeating onomatopoeic words. Exercises on them and on interjections are usually simple.

1. For example, it is necessary to determine the category of a certain group: “Ah!”, “Oh!”, “Fathers!”. By all indications, these are emotional interjections, simple in structure.
2. Find onomatopoeic words in sentences.

“Slap-slap” was heard outside the window. “Chick-chirp” - this is how sparrows attract attention. Approaching the platform, the train sang: “Too-too.”

1. Determine what sounds can be made by a violin, a dog, raindrops, thunder, a yawning person, an object falling to the floor, shaking from the cold.
2. Distinguish whether interjections or imitative words are used in sentences:

Hello, my comrades.

- “Bang!” - was heard in the silence.

Come on, hurry up already!

- “Chick-chick!” So we tried to call the little birds.

Fathers of light! What a “bang-bang” the thunder said to us!

Exercises on sentences with onomatopoeic words, as well as interjections, can be very diverse. But for the most part, they usually do not cause any difficulty among students.

Morphological analysis

Like any part of speech, these two small subgroups have their own parsing algorithm. At the same time absolutely identical.

• Determine the part of speech.
• We designate morphological features:

Structure

Discharge by transmitted value

Immutability

• Role in a sentence.

Let's give an example of analysis. “Here you go! We weren’t expecting rain, but it poured!”

1. Here you go - interjection.
2. Composite in structure (several words).
3. Emotional, conveys surprise.
4. Immutable (can neither be inflected nor conjugated)
5. It does not play any syntactic role in a sentence, since it does not replace an independent part of speech.

Next example: And then - “Whack-whack!” - the ball flew past us.

1. Onomatopoeic word (represents the flight of the ball).
2. Complex, consists of two repeating bases.
3. Discharge is the sound of inanimate nature.
4. Immutability.
5. In the sentence it will be a circumstance (answers the question “how”).

Another example: How inattentive you are to me!

1. Interjection
2. Simple, one word.
3. Emotional, conveys outrage.
4. Immutability.
5. Circumstance (replaces the words “very” or “very”).

Conclusion

Spelling onomatopoeic words and interjections similar to them usually does not cause difficulties. They all convey emotions or sounds exactly as we hear them. It is important to remember that repeated stems, such as woof-woof, will always be written with a hyphen.

The spontaneity in their formation makes them an integral part of our lives. Babies who cannot speak shout only certain sounds to their mothers. Parents use them to determine what their child wants. As adults, we still continue to use these parts of speech. No one can force us to give up expressing our own emotions. What about the sounds of nature? We can all draw them, but writing them on paper is not always easy. This is why onomatopoeic words exist. They easily repeat what we hear, only in writing.

We simply cannot do without such seemingly insignificant parts of speech. Every day we encounter them in oral speech, and in some cases we have to use them in writing.

They should not be confused with functional parts of speech, for example, with particles. Sometimes they are very similar to each other. It is worth remembering one immutable rule: these words convey emotions, feelings and sounds. No other speech groups can do this. As they say, everyone has their own necessary role.

10th grade

Onomatopoeic words
(onomatopoeia)

Lesson objectives: consider what place onomatopoeias occupy in the language system, focus students’ attention on the processes occurring in the language, introduce students to various scientific approaches to the study of interjections, and cultivate linguistic flair.

DURING THE CLASSES

Teacher's opening speech.

The issue of onomatopoeia is considered differently by linguists. Some believe that onomatopoeias are adjacent to interjections and are close to them in their morphological and syntactic features. Others describe onomatopoeia as a special part of speech. According to the third point of view, they are outside the parts of speech. We will consider onomatopoeia as a special part of speech.

– Try to formulate your own definition of onomatopoeia. To do this, use the following tip.

Onomatopoeia – this is an (independent/service/special) part of speech, including (changeable/unchangeable) words that reproduce (?) with their sound composition.

(Onomatopoeia- This special part of speech including immutable words that reproduce with their sound composition sounds made by humans, animals, objects.)

- Right. Fill in the given table with relevant examples.

– Let’s think and say: what is the part-speech meaning of onomatopoeia? (The partial meaning of onomatopoeias is reproduction of sounds of living and inanimate nature.)

– Is it possible to find out by sounds what object makes them? (Yes, you can. For example, ding-ding-ding– these sounds are made by a bell; ha ha ha- human laughter; quack quack- sounds made by a duck.)

- Fine. How are onomatopoeia different from interjections?

Use the hint. The semantics of onomatopoeia does not depend on..., it is understandable without..., does not follow from....

(The semantics of onomatopoeia does not depend on intonation, it is understandable without gestures and facial expressions, does not follow from context and situation.)

– What do onomatopoeias have in common with interjections? Continue answer:

Like interjections, onomatopoeias are..., but onomatopoeias... .

(Like interjections, onomatopoeias are unchangeable words, but onomatopoeia are not grammatically isolated from other words.)

– What follows from this? (Onomatopoeia can be used as part of a sentence.)

- Right. But let's be more precise. Can onomatopoeia be used in the function of all members of a sentence? Come up with examples. Determine the part-speech affiliation of onomatopoeias. (Students make up examples.)

(Analysis of the examples showed that onomatopoeia can be used as a subject, predicate, object, and also as part of direct speech.)

Cat everything meow Yes meow. (Predicate.)

It was heard in the distance Woof woof woof. (Subject.)

The goose insistently repeats ha-ha-ha. (Addition.)

The duck stood on one leg for a long time, and then he screamed: “Quack-quack-quack!”. (Direct speech.)

- Well done. How terms apply to onomatopoeia: non-derivatives/derivatives?

(Most of the onomatopoeias are non-derivative words: oink, apchhi etc. Derived lexemes are formed by repeating the same or similar sound complexes: woof-woof, tick-tock and etc.)

– Is it true that onomatopoeias can vary phonetically? (Yes, that's right. For example: woof - ga-av - woof - woof - woof.)

– In relation to the topic of the lesson, let’s think about the word ha ha ha. Make up sentences with this word.

(Petya entered the room, saw his sister wearing a new dress and burst out laughing: “Ha ha ha!” It is impossible to say unambiguously whether the word in this sentence is an interjection or onomatopoeia ha ha ha, since it reproduces the sounds made by a person (laughter) and expresses feelings and emotions. Word ha ha ha is syncretic.)

– Read the following sentences:

And the cart crashed into the ditch. (I. Krylov) One evening this Rogov and his friend came to see me. (V. Korolenko) An unloaded Terkin grenade hits a German with a left smack! (A. Tvardovsky)- Oh, and Tatyana jumped lighter than a shadow into another hallway. (A. Pushkin) The monkey, seeing his image in the mirror, quietly nudged the bear with his foot. (I. Krylov) Andrey turns pale, twists his mouth and slaps Alyosha on the head. (A. Chekhov) And the bell is bom and bom.

In these sentences there are words about which there are different opinions about the part-sentences. What do you think these words are? (Boom, shag, smack, jump, push, clap, bang.)

- Right. Guys, scientists call these words interjection verbs, or verbal interjections. A.A. Shakhmatov called these forms verbs of “instant form”, A.M. Peshkovsky - with verbs of the “ultra-instantaneous type”. What kind of speech do you think these forms are typical for? (These words are characterized by expression and are typical of colloquial speech.)

– The point of view of L.D. deserves attention. Chesnokova. Let's look at it in more detail. At first glance, the words of L.D. are identical. Chesnokova divides into three groups. Let's try to figure it out. In the first group it includes words that correlate with the infinitive. She considers these words to be special verbal forms that have nothing to do with onomatopoeia and especially interjections. Give examples of such words. (Jump - jump, push - push, knock - knock etc.)

– What parts of the sentence are such words? (They act as a simple verbal predicate.)

- Right. What verbal features do these lexemes have? (Express the meaning of the perfect form, past tense, indicative mood, control other words, combine with circumstances (a strong push to the side).)

– The second group, according to L.D. Chesnokova, consists of lexemes that perform the function of a predicate, but are not related to verbs. These words are onomatopoeias. You can verify the validity of what has been said using the example of the sentence: I'm driving, driving in an open field, the bell is ringing ding-ding-ding. What does repeating words do? (Token ding-ding-ding in a sentence it is a predicate, but has nothing to do with the verb. The repetition of words indicates the duration of the sound.)

- Fine. And finally, the third group. To the third group L.D. Chesnokova refers to syncretic lexemes that combine features of verbs and features of onomatopoeia. Read the sentence and find the following lexeme in it: Andrey turns pale, twists his mouth and slaps Alyosha on the head.(A. Chekhov)

(This is a token clap It simultaneously correlates with the infinitive (clap - clap) and plays sound.)

– Isn’t it true, L.D.’s point of view? Is Chesnokova interested? Now let’s think about how onomatopoeia is connected with other parts of speech and how this connection is manifested. (It is logical to assume: if onomatopoeia is an element of the morphological system of the Russian language, then they are certainly connected with other elements of this system. This connection is manifested in the fact that verbs can be formed from onomatopoeia, and from them, in turn, nouns; qua - croak - croak, bang - bang - bang etc. Onomatopoeia, as significant parts of speech, can be used as members of a sentence. The phenomenon of syncretism is observed.)

Practical part of the lesson.

1. Work with the Explanatory Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova. How are onomatopoeia represented in the dictionary?

2. Creative work “Sounds of one morning.” What place do onomatopoeias play in your work and what role do they play?

Homework. Write an essay-argument on the topic “The role and place of onomatopoeia in artistic speech.”

N.M. RUKHLENKO,
Belgorod